--- title: Argentina — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Argentina», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the far south of South America. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Argentina # Argentina · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Argentina»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/4/) … [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/7/) Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife, who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" the left-wing subversion,[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123") [stopping ERP's attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Independence) to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province.[\[124\]](../../page/7/#ref-124 "note 124")[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") [Isabel Perón was ousted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1976_coup) one year later by a junta of the combined armed forces, led by army general [Jorge Rafael Videla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla).[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") They initiated the [National Reorganization Process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process), often shortened to Proceso.[\[125\]](../../page/7/#ref-125 "note 125")[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") The Proceso shut down Congress, removed the judges on the Supreme Court, banned political parties and unions, and resorted to employing the [forced disappearance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_disappearance) of suspected guerrilla members including individuals suspected of being associated with the left-wing.[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") By the end of 1976, the Montoneros had lost nearly 2,000 members and by 1977, the ERP was completely subdued.[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") Nevertheless, the severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979, which was quickly put down, effectively ending the guerrilla threat and securing the junta's position in power.[\[126\]](../../page/7/#ref-126 "note 126")[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") In March 1982, an Argentine force took control of the British territory of [South Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia) and, on 2 April, Argentina [invaded the Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rosario) (called as Islas Malvinas by Argentina).[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") The United Kingdom dispatched a task force to regain possession.[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") [Argentine forces surrendered on 14 June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_surrender_in_the_Falklands_War) and its forces were taken home.[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") Street riots in Buenos Aires followed the humiliating defeat and the military leadership stood down.[\[127\]](../../page/7/#ref-127 "note 127")[\[128\]](../../page/7/#ref-128 "note 128")[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") [Reynaldo Bignone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone) replaced Galtieri and began to organise the transition to democratic governance.[\[129\]](../../page/7/#ref-129 "note 129")[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Return to democracy Main article: [Presidency of Raúl Alfonsín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Raúl_Alfonsín), [Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_%281999–2002%29) [Raúl Alfonsín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raúl_Alfonsín) won the [1983 elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_1983) campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights) violations during the Proceso: the [Trial of the Juntas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas) and other martial courts sentenced all the coup's leaders but, under military pressure, he also enacted the [Full Stop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Stop_Law) and [Due Obedience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Due_Obedience) laws,[\[130\]](../../page/7/#ref-130 "note 130")[\[131\]](../../page/7/#ref-131 "note 131") which halted prosecutions further down the [chain of command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_command).[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") The worsening economic crisis and [hyperinflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation) reduced his popular support and the Peronist [Carlos Menem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Menem) won the [1989 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_1989).[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") Soon after, [riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_riots_in_Argentina).[\[132\]](../../page/7/#ref-132 "note 132")[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") Menem embraced and enacted [neoliberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalism) policies:[\[133\]](../../page/7/#ref-133 "note 133") a [fixed exchange rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Currency_Board), business [deregulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation), [privatisations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization), and the dismantling of [protectionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism) barriers normalised the economy in the short term.[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín's government.[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") The [1994 Constitutional Amendment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_amendment_of_the_Argentine_Constitution) allowed Menem to [be elected for a second term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_1995).[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") With the economy beginning to decline in 1995, and with increasing unemployment and recession,[\[134\]](../../page/7/#ref-134 "note 134") the UCR, led by [Fernando de la Rúa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_la_Rúa), returned to the presidency in the [1999 elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_1999).[\[135\]](../../page/7/#ref-135 "note 135")[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") De la Rúa left Menem's economic plan in effect despite the worsening crisis, which led to growing social discontent.[\[134\]](../../page/7/#ref-134 "note 134")[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") Massive [capital flight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_flight) from the country was responded to with a [freezing of bank accounts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corralito), generating further turmoil.[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") The [December 2001 riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina) forced him to resign.[\[136\]](../../page/7/#ref-136 "note 136")[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") Congress appointed [Eduardo Duhalde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Duhalde) as acting president, who revoked the fixed exchange rate established by Menem,[\[137\]](../../page/7/#ref-137 "note 137") causing many working- and middle-class Argentines to lose a significant portion of their savings.[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") By late 2002, the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of two [piqueteros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquetero) by the police caused political unrest, prompting Duhalde to move elections forward.[\[138\]](../../page/7/#ref-138 "note 138")[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") [Néstor Kirchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Néstor_Kirchner) was [elected as the new president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_2003).[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") On 26 May 2003, he was sworn in.[\[139\]](../../page/7/#ref-139 "note 139")[\[140\]](../../page/7/#ref-140 "note 140")[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") Boosting the [neo-Keynesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Keynesianism) economic policies[\[138\]](../../page/7/#ref-138 "note 138") laid by Duhalde, Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and rapid [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) growth.[\[141\]](../../page/7/#ref-141 "note 141")[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") Under his administration, Argentina [restructured its defaulted debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_debt_restructuring) with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund),[\[142\]](../../page/7/#ref-142 "note 142") purged the military of officers with dubious human rights records,[\[143\]](../../page/7/#ref-143 "note 143") [nullified and voided](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29) the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws,[\[144\]](../../page/7/#ref-144 "note 144")[\[146\]](../../page/7/#ref-146 "note 146") ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Junta's crimes.[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") He did not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his wife, senator [Cristina Kirchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fernández_de_Kirchner) who won the [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_2007) and [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_2011) elections.[\[147\]](../../page/7/#ref-147 "note 147")[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") During [Kirchner's presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Cristina_Fernández_de_Kirchner) she promoted foreign relations with countries such as Venezuela, Iran, and Cuba, whilst US and UK relations were increasingly strained.[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite increased renewable energy production and subsidies during her tenure, the overall economy had been sluggish since 2011.[\[148\]](../../page/7/#ref-148 "note 148")[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of [presidential elections on 25 October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_general_election,_2015), [centre-right coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntos_por_el_Cambio) candidate [Mauricio Macri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Macri) won the first [ballotage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballotage_in_Argentina) in Argentina's history, beating [Front for Victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_Victory) candidate [Daniel Scioli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Scioli) and becoming president-elect.[\[149\]](../../page/7/#ref-149 "note 149")[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") Macri was the first democratically elected non-[peronist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicialist_Party) president since 1916 that managed to complete his term in office without being overthrown.[\[150\]](../../page/7/#ref-150 "note 150")[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") He took office on 10 December 2015 and inherited an economy with a high [inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation) rate and in a poor shape.[\[151\]](../../page/7/#ref-151 "note 151")[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 2016, the Macri government introduced neoliberal austerity measures intended to tackle inflation and overblown public deficits.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") Under Macri's administration, economic recovery remained elusive with GDP shrinking 3.4%, inflation totalling 240%, billions of US dollars issued in sovereign debt, and mass poverty increasing by the end of his term.[\[153\]](../../page/7/#ref-153 "note 153")[\[154\]](../../page/7/#ref-154 "note 154")[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") He ran for reelection in 2019 but lost by nearly eight percentage points to [Alberto Fernández](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fernández), the Justicialist Party candidate.[\[155\]](../../page/7/#ref-155 "note 155")[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") Fernández and vice president Cristina Kirchner took office in December 2019,[\[156\]](../../page/7/#ref-156 "note 156") just months before the [COVID-19 pandemic hit Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina) and among accusations of [corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption), [bribery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery) and [misuse of public funds during Néstor and Cristina Kirchner's presidencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Route_of_the_K-Money).[\[157\]](../../page/7/#ref-157 "note 157")[\[158\]](../../page/7/#ref-158 "note 158")[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") In November 2021, the centre-left coalition of Argentina's ruling Peronist party, [Frente de Todos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_de_Todos) (Front for Everyone), lost its majority in Congress, for the first time in almost 40 years, in midterm [legislative elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Argentine_legislative_election).[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") The election victory of the centre-right coalition, [Juntos por el Cambio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntos_por_el_Cambio) (Together for Change) limited Fernández' power during his final two years in office.[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") Losing control of the Senate made it difficult for him to make key appointments, including to the judiciary.[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") It also forced him to negotiate with the opposition on every initiative sent to the legislature.[\[159\]](../../page/7/#ref-159 "note 159")[\[160\]](../../page/7/#ref-160 "note 160")[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 2023, Fernández announced that he would not seek reelection in the next [presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election).[\[161\]](../../page/7/#ref-161 "note 161")[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") The November [2023 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election) run-off ended in a win for libertarian outsider [Javier Milei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei) with 55.7% of the vote against 44.4% to ruling coalition candidate [Sergio Massa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Massa).[\[162\]](../../page/7/#ref-162 "note 162")[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") [Milei's presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Javier_Milei) began on [10 December 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei).[\[163\]](../../page/7/#ref-163 "note 163")[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") In October 2025, President Javier Milei's party, [La Libertad Avanza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Avanza), won a landslide victory in [midterm elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Argentine_legislative_election), making it easier for Milei to push ahead with his programme of radical spending cuts and free-market reforms.[\[164\]](../../page/7/#ref-164 "note 164")[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Geography Main article: [Geography of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina) With a mainland surface area of 2780400 km2,[\[9\]](../../page/7/#ref-9 "note 9") Argentina is located in [southern South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cone), sharing land borders with Chile across the [Andes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes) to the west;[\[165\]](../../page/7/#ref-165 "note 165") Bolivia and Paraguay to the north; Brazil to the northeast, [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay) [corpus](../../../Uruguay/ "in our corpus") and the [South Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean) to the east;[\[166\]](../../page/7/#ref-166 "note 166") and the [Drake Passage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Passage) to the south; for an overall land border length of 9376 km.[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") Its coastal border over the [Río de la Plata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_de_la_Plata) and [South Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean) is 5117 km long.[\[166\]](../../page/7/#ref-166 "note 166")[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina's highest point is [Aconcagua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua) in the [Mendoza province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_province) (6959 m above sea level),[\[167\]](../../page/7/#ref-167 "note 167") also the highest point in the [Southern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere) and [Western Hemispheres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere).[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") The lowest point is [Laguna del Carbón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_del_Carbón) in the San Julián Great Depression [Santa Cruz province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_province,_Argentina) (-105 m below sea level,[\[167\]](../../page/7/#ref-167 "note 167") also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres, and the seventh lowest point on Earth).[\[169\]](../../page/7/#ref-169 "note 169")[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") The northernmost point is at the confluence of the [Grande de San Juan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_Grande_de_San_Juan) and Mojinete rivers in [Jujuy province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujuy_province); the southernmost is [Cape San Pío](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_San_Pío) in [Tierra del Fuego province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_province,_Argentina); the easternmost is northeast of [Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_Irigoyen,_Misiones) and the westernmost is within [Los Glaciares National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Glaciares_National_Park) in Santa Cruz province.[\[166\]](../../page/7/#ref-166 "note 166")[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") The maximum north–south distance is 3694 km, while the maximum east–west one is 1423 km.[\[166\]](../../page/7/#ref-166 "note 166")[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of the major rivers are the [Paraná](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraná_River), [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_River)—which join to form the Río de la Plata, [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_River), [Salado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salado_River,_Argentina), [Negro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_Negro_River,_Argentina), [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River,_Argentina), [Pilcomayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilcomayo_River), [Bermejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermejo_River) and [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River,_Argentina).[\[170\]](../../page/7/#ref-170 "note 170")[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") These rivers are discharged into the [Argentine Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Sea), the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the [Patagonian Shelf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_Shelf), an unusually wide [continental platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_platform).[\[171\]](../../page/7/#ref-171 "note 171")[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents: the warm [Brazil Current](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Current) and the cold [Falklands Current](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_Current).[\[172\]](../../page/7/#ref-172 "note 172")[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Biodiversity Main article: [Environment of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Argentina) Argentina is one of the most [biodiverse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiverse) countries in the world[\[173\]](../../page/7/#ref-173 "note 173") hosting one of the greatest [ecosystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem) varieties in the world: 15 continental zones, 2 marine zones, and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory.[\[173\]](../../page/7/#ref-173 "note 173")[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") This huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world's largest:[\[173\]](../../page/7/#ref-173 "note 173")[\[174\]](../../page/7/#ref-174 "note 174") 9,372 catalogued [vascular plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant) species (ranked 24th);[\[175\]](../../page/7/#ref-175 "note 175") 1,038 catalogued bird species (ranked 14th);[\[176\]](../../page/7/#ref-176 "note 176") 375 catalogued [mammal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal) species (ranked 12th);[\[177\]](../../page/7/#ref-177 "note 177") 338 catalogued [reptilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile) species (ranked 16th); and 162 catalogued [amphibian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian) species (ranked 19th).[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") In Argentina [forest cover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover) is around 10% of the total land area, equivalent to 28,573,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 35,204,000 hectares (ha) in 1990.[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 27,137,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 1,436,000 hectares (ha).[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be [primary forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_forest) (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 7% of the forest area was found within protected areas.[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") For the year 2015, 0% of the forest area was reported to be under [public ownership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership), 4% [private ownership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property) and 96% with ownership listed as other or unknown.[\[178\]](../../page/7/#ref-178 "note 178")[\[179\]](../../page/7/#ref-179 "note 179")[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") The original [pampa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampa) had virtually no trees; some imported species such as the [American sycamore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_occidentalis) or [eucalyptus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus) are present along roads or in towns and country estates (estancias).[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") The only tree-like plant native to the pampa is the evergreen [Ombú](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombú).[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") The surface soils of the pampa are a deep black colour, primarily [mollisols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollisols), known commonly as humus.[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") This makes the region one of the most agriculturally productive on Earth; however, this is also responsible for decimating much of the original ecosystem, to make way for commercial agriculture.[\[180\]](../../page/7/#ref-180 "note 180")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") The western pampas receive less rainfall, this dry pampa is a plain of short grasses or [steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe).[\[181\]](../../page/7/#ref-181 "note 181")[\[182\]](../../page/7/#ref-182 "note 182")[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") The [National Parks of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_Argentina) make up a network of 35 [national parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park) in Argentina.[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") The parks cover a very varied set of terrains and [biotopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotope), from [Baritú National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritú_National_Park) on the northern border with [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia) [corpus](../../../Bolivia/ "in our corpus") to [Tierra del Fuego National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_National_Park) in the far south of the continent.[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Administración de Parques Nacionales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administración_de_Parques_Nacionales) (National Parks Administration) is the agency that preserves and manages these national parks along with [Natural monuments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monument) and [National Reserves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reserve) within the country.[\[183\]](../../page/7/#ref-183 "note 183")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina had a 2018 [Forest Landscape Integrity Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) mean score of 7.21/10, ranking it 47th globally out of 172 countries.[\[184\]](../../page/7/#ref-184 "note 184")[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate Main article: [Climate of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Argentina), [Climatic regions of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatic_regions_of_Argentina) In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm [humid subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate), moderate humid subtropical, [arid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate), and [cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_desert), all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features.[\[185\]](../../page/7/#ref-185 "note 185")[\[186\]](../../page/7/#ref-186 "note 186")[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") Although the most populated areas are generally [temperate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate), Argentina has an exceptional amount of climate diversity,[\[187\]](../../page/7/#ref-187 "note 187") ranging from [subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical) in the north to [polar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate) in the far south.[\[188\]](../../page/7/#ref-188 "note 188")[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") Consequently, there is a wide variety of [biomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomes) in the country, including [Subtropical rainforests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_rainforests), [semi-arid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_Pampas) and [arid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert) regions, [temperate plains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas) in the [Pampas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas), and cold [subantarctic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic) in the south.[\[189\]](../../page/7/#ref-189 "note 189")[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") The average annual precipitation ranges from 150 mm in the driest parts of [Patagonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia) to over 2000 mm in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country.[\[187\]](../../page/7/#ref-187 "note 187")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") Mean annual temperatures range from 5 C in the far south to 25 C in the north.[\[187\]](../../page/7/#ref-187 "note 187")[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") Major wind currents include the cool [Pampero Winds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampero_Winds) blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas; following the cold front, warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter, creating mild conditions.[\[190\]](../../page/7/#ref-190 "note 190")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Sudestada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudestada) usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas and [coastal flooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_flooding).[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary.[\[190\]](../../page/7/#ref-190 "note 190")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Zonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonda_wind), a [hot dry wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foehn_wind), affects Cuyo and the central Pampas.[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") Squeezed of all moisture during the 6000 m descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to 120 km/h, fuelling wildfires and causing damage; between June and November, when the Zonda blows, snowstorms and [blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard) (viento blanco) conditions usually affect higher elevations.[\[191\]](../../page/7/#ref-191 "note 191")[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") [Climate change in Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Argentina) is predicted to have significant effects on the living conditions in Argentina.[\[192\]](../../page/7/#ref-192 "note 192")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") The [climate of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Argentina) is changing with regards to precipitation patterns and temperatures.[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") The highest increases in precipitation (from the period 1960–2010) have occurred in the eastern parts of the country.[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") The increase in precipitation has led to more variability in precipitation from year to year in the northern parts of the country, with a higher risk of prolonged [droughts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughts), disfavouring agriculture in these [regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions).[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/4/) … [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/2/) - next →: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)