--- title: Argentina — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Argentina», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the far south of South America. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Argentina # Argentina · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Argentina»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/) … [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/6/) **7** In 1946, Gyula Košice and others created The [Madí Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madí_Movement) in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and the United States, where it had a significant impact.[\[392\]](../../page/7/#ref-392 "note 392")[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [Ulm Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm_School_of_Design) of design education, still highly influential globally.[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [Adolfo Bellocq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Bellocq), whose [lithographs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph) have been influential since the 1920s, and [Benito Quinquela Martín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Quinquela_Martín), the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound [La Boca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Boca) neighbourhood.[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") Internationally laureate sculptors [Erminio Blotta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erminio_Blotta), [Lola Mora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Mora) and [Rogelio Yrurtia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogelio_Yrurtia) authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.[\[393\]](../../page/7/#ref-393 "note 393")[\[394\]](../../page/7/#ref-394 "note 394")[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") The colonisation brought the [Spanish Baroque architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture), which can still be appreciated in its simpler Rioplatense style in the [reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reductions) of [San Ignacio Miní](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ignacio_Miní), the [Cathedral of Córdoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Córdoba_%28Argentina%29), and the Cabildo of Luján.[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [eclectic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclectic_architecture) overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.[\[395\]](../../page/7/#ref-395 "note 395")[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Mass media Main article: [Communications in Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Argentina) The print media industry is highly developed in Argentina, with more than two hundred newspapers.[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") The major national ones include [Clarín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarín_%28Argentine_newspaper%29) (centrist, Latin America's best-seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish-speaking world), [La Nación](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nación_%28Buenos_Aires%29) (centre-right), [Página/12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Página/12) (leftist), [La Voz del Interior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_del_Interior) (centre).[\[396\]](../../page/7/#ref-396 "note 396")[\[397\]](../../page/7/#ref-397 "note 397")[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina began [the world's first regular radio broadcasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio) on 27 August 1920, when [Richard Wagner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner)'s [Parsifal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal) was aired by a team of medical students led by [Enrique Telémaco Susini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Telémaco_Susini) in Buenos Aires' [Teatro Coliseo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Coliseo).[\[398\]](../../page/7/#ref-398 "note 398")[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2002, there were 260 [AM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting) and 1150 [FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting) registered radio stations in Argentina.[\[399\]](../../page/7/#ref-399 "note 399")[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Argentine television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Argentina) industry is large, diverse and popular across Latin America, with many productions and [TV formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_format) having been exported abroad.[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 1999 Argentines have enjoyed the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America.[\[400\]](../../page/7/#ref-400 "note 400")[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2014, 87.4% of Argentina's households had access, a rate similar to those in the United States, Canada and Europe.[\[401\]](../../page/7/#ref-401 "note 401")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") As of early 2024, internet penetration in Argentina stood at 88.4% of the total population, and the ratio of cellular mobile connections to the total population was 135.3% (62.14 million active connections).[\[402\]](../../page/7/#ref-402 "note 402")[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Argentine cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cuisine) Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [Criollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_people) creations, including [empanadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empanada) (a small stuffed pastry), [locro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locro) (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), [humita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humita) and [mate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maté).[\[403\]](../../page/7/#ref-403 "note 403")[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") The country has the highest consumption of [red meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meat) in the world,[\[404\]](../../page/7/#ref-404 "note 404") traditionally prepared as [asado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asado), the Argentine barbecue.[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") It is made with various types of meats, often including [chorizo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo), [sweetbread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetbread), [chitterlings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitterlings), and [blood sausage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sausage).[\[405\]](../../page/7/#ref-405 "note 405")[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") Common desserts include [facturas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facturas) ([Viennese-style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_cuisine) pastry), [cakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake) and [pancakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake) filled with [dulce de leche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_de_leche) (a sort of milk [caramel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel) jam), [alfajores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfajor) (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, dulce de leche or a fruit paste), and [tortas fritas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torta_frita) (fried cakes)[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") [Argentine wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_wine), one of the world's finest,[\[406\]](../../page/7/#ref-406 "note 406") is an integral part of the local menu.[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") [Malbec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbec), [Torrontés](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrontés), [Cabernet Sauvignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon), [Syrah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah) and [Chardonnay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay) are some of the most sought-after [varieties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_varieties).[\[407\]](../../page/7/#ref-407 "note 407")[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sport Main article: [Sport in Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Argentina) [Pato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato) is the [national sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport),[\[408\]](../../page/7/#ref-408 "note 408") an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [horseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseball).[\[409\]](../../page/7/#ref-409 "note 409")[\[410\]](../../page/7/#ref-410 "note 410")[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") The most popular sport is [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football).[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Along with [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_national_football_team), [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_national_football_team) and [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_national_football_team), the [men's national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team) is the only one to have won each of the [World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) (in [1978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup), [1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup) and [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup)), [Confederations Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup), and the [Olympic gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics).[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") They have also won 16 [Copas América](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_América), 7 [Pan American Gold Medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Pan_American_Games) and many other trophies.[\[411\]](../../page/7/#ref-411 "note 411")[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") [Alfredo Di Stéfano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Di_Stéfano), [Diego Maradona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Maradona) and [Lionel Messi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi) are widely considered to be among the best players in the game's history.[\[412\]](../../page/7/#ref-412 "note 412")[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") The country's [women's field hockey team Las Leonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team), is one of the world's most successful with four [Olympic medals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics), two [World Cups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Hockey_World_Cup), a [World League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIH_Hockey_World_League) and seven [Champions Trophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Champions_Trophy).[\[413\]](../../page/7/#ref-413 "note 413")[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") [Luciana Aymar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana_Aymar) is recognised as the best female player in the history of the sport,[\[414\]](../../page/7/#ref-414 "note 414") being the only player to have received the [FIH Player of the Year Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIH_Player_of_the_Year_Awards) eight times.[\[415\]](../../page/7/#ref-415 "note 415")[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball) is a very popular sport.[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") The [men's national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_basketball_team) is the only one in the [FIBA Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Americas) zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [World Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_World_Championship), [Olympic Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics), [Diamond Ball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Diamond_Ball), [Americas Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Americas_Championship), and [Pan American Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Pan_American_Games).[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") It has also conquered 13 [South American Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Basketball_Championship), and many other tournaments.[\[416\]](../../page/7/#ref-416 "note 416")[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") [Emanuel Ginóbili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Ginóbili), [Luis Scola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Scola), [Andrés Nocioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrés_Nocioni), [Fabricio Oberto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricio_Oberto), [Pablo Prigioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Prigioni), [Carlos Delfino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Delfino) and [Juan Ignacio Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Sánchez) are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association).[\[413\]](../../page/7/#ref-413 "note 413")[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina hosted the [Basketball World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_World_Cup) in 1950 and 1990.[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") [Rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union) is another popular sport in Argentina. as of 2017, the [men's national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team), known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the [Rugby World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup) each time it has been held, achieving their highest-ever result in [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup) when they came third.[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") Since [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Rugby_Championship), the Los Pumas have competed against [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team), [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team) & [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team) in [The Rugby Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship), the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere.[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 2009 the [secondary men's national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_Jaguars) known as the 'Jaguares' has competed against the [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Selects), [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_A_national_rugby_union_team), and [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_rugby_union_team) first teams in the [Americas Rugby Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_Rugby_Championship), which Los Jaguares have won six out of eight times it has taken place.[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for [boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing), including [Carlos Monzón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Monzón), the best [middleweight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleweight) in history;[\[417\]](../../page/7/#ref-417 "note 417") [Pascual Pérez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascual_Pérez_%28boxer%29), one of the most decorated [flyweight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyweight) boxers of all times; [Horacio Accavallo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Accavallo), the former [WBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association) and [WBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council) world flyweight champion; [Víctor Galíndez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Víctor_Galíndez), as of 2009, record holder for consecutive world [light heavyweight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_heavyweight) title defences and [Nicolino Locche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolino_Locche), nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defence; they are all inductees into the [International Boxing Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame).[\[418\]](../../page/7/#ref-418 "note 418")[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") [Tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis) has been quite popular among people of all ages.[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") [Guillermo Vilas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Vilas) is the greatest Latin American player of the [Open Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tennis),[\[419\]](../../page/7/#ref-419 "note 419") while [Gabriela Sabatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Sabatini) is the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached number 3 in the [WTA ranking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_ranking),[\[420\]](../../page/7/#ref-420 "note 420") are both inductees into the [International Tennis Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame).[\[421\]](../../page/7/#ref-421 "note 421")[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina has won the [World Team Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Cup) four times, in 1980, 2002, [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_ARAG_World_Team_Cup) and [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_ARAG_World_Team_Cup) and has reached the semifinals of the [Davis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup) 7 times in the last 10 years, losing the finals against Russia in [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Davis_Cup) and Spain in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Davis_Cup) and [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Davis_Cup); the Argentine team also played the final in [1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Davis_Cup), where they lost against the United States.[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") The national squad won the [2016 Davis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Davis_Cup).[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina reigns undisputed in [polo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo), having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.[\[422\]](../../page/7/#ref-422 "note 422")[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Argentine Polo Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Argentino_Abierto_de_Polo) is the sport's most important international team trophy.[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them [Adolfo Cambiaso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Cambiaso), the best in Polo history.[\[423\]](../../page/7/#ref-423 "note 423")[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within [auto racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing).[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") [Juan Manuel Fangio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio) was a five-time [Formula One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One) world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") Other distinguished racers were [Oscar Alfredo Gálvez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Alfredo_Gálvez), [Juan Gálvez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gálvez_%28racing_driver%29), [José Froilán González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Froilán_González) and [Carlos Reutemann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann).[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Argentina) ## Bibliography ### Legal documents - National Constituent Convention (22 August 1994). "[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") [Constitution of the Argentine Nation](http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php)".[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") [Argentine Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Senate).[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Articles - Bolt, Jutta; Van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2013). "[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") [The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820](http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx)".[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") Maddison Project Working Paper 4.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") - Colantoni, Laura; Gurlekian, Jorge (August 2004). "[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") Convergence and intonation.[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish".[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cruz, Arturo Jr. (6 August 1990). "[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") Glory Past but Not Forgotten".[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") Insight on the News.[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") News World Communications.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") - DellaPergola, Sergio (2013). "[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") [The American Jewish Year Book, 2013](http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113)".[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") Springer.[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") - Long, Marshall (April 2009). "[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") What is So Special About Shoebox Halls?[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment".[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") Acoustics Today.[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") - Malamud, Andrés (2011). "[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") A Leader Without Followers?[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy".[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") Latin American Politics and Society.[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") - Mallimaci, Fortunato; Esquivel, Juan Cruz; Irrazábal, Gabriela (26 August 2008). "[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") [Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina](http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf)".[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") - Solomon, Hussein (1997). "[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") [South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy](http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf)".[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") Centre for International Political Studies.[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Books Main article: [Category:Books about Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_about_Argentina) - Abad de Santillán, Diego (1971). "[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") Historia Argentina".[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") Tipográfica Editora Argentina.[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") - Adler, Emanuel; Greve, Patricia (2009). "[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global".[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") - Aeberhard, Danny; Benson, Andrew; Phillips, Lucy (2000). "[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") [The rough guide to Argentina](https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoarge0000aebe_z0y6)".[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") Rough Guides.[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") - Akstinat, Björn (2013). "[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland".[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") IMH–Verlag.[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") - Anderson, Sean K.; Sloan, Stephen (3 August 2009). "[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") [Historical Dictionary of Terrorism](https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC)".[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") [Scarecrow Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_&_Littlefield#Imprints).[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") - Arbena, Joseph (1999). "[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") Latin American sport: an annotated bibliography, 1988–1998".[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") Greenwood Press.[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") - "Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean".[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") Rowman & Littlefield.[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") 2002.[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") - Barnes, John (1978). "[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") [Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón](https://archive.org/details/evitafirstlady00john)".[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") Grove Press.[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") - Bidart Campos, Germán J. (2005). "[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") Manual de la Constitución Reformada".[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") Ediar.[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") - Bloom, Harold (1994). "[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Western Canon:la The Books and School of the Ages](https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo)".[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") Harcourt Brace & Company.[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") - Boughton, James M. (2012). "[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") Tearing Down Walls.[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999".[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") International Monetary Fund.[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") - Crow, John A. (1992). "[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Epic of Latin America](https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow)".[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") University of California Press.[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") - Díaz Alejandro, Carlos F.[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") (1970). "[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic".[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") Yale University Press.[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dougall, Angus (2013). "[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") The Greatest Racing Driver".[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") Balboa Press.[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") - Edwards, Todd L. (2008). "[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") [Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook](https://archive.org/details/argentinaglobals0000edwa)".[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") ABC-CLIO.[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") - Epstein, Edward; Pion-Berlin, David (2006). "[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy".[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") Lexington Books.[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") - Fayt, Carlos S. (1985). "[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") Derecho Político".[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") Depalma.[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") - Fearns, Les; Fearns, Daisy (2005). "[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina".[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") Evans Brothers.[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") - Foster, David W.; Lockhart, Melissa F.; Lockhart, Darrell B. (1998). "[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") [Culture and Customs of Argentina](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00fost)".[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") Greenwood Publishing Group.[661](../../661/ "tree and pragmatics") - Friedman, Ian C. (2007). "[662](../../662/ "tree and pragmatics") Latino Athletes".[663](../../663/ "tree and pragmatics") Infobase Publishing.[664](../../664/ "tree and pragmatics") - Galasso, Norberto (2011). "[665](../../665/ "tree and pragmatics") Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II".[666](../../666/ "tree and pragmatics") Colihue.[667](../../667/ "tree and pragmatics") - Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "[668](../../668/ "tree and pragmatics") Globalization, Power, and Democracy".[669](../../669/ "tree and pragmatics") The Johns Hopkins University Press.[670](../../670/ "tree and pragmatics") - King, John (2000). "[671](../../671/ "tree and pragmatics") Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America".[672](../../672/ "tree and pragmatics") Verso.[673](../../673/ "tree and pragmatics") - Kopka, Deborah (2011). "[674](../../674/ "tree and pragmatics") Central & South America".[675](../../675/ "tree and pragmatics") Lorenz Educational Press.[676](../../676/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lake, David (2009). "[677](../../677/ "tree and pragmatics") Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global".[678](../../678/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[679](../../679/ "tree and pragmatics") - Levene, Ricardo (1948). "[680](../../680/ "tree and pragmatics") Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15".[681](../../681/ "tree and pragmatics") Editorial G. Kraf.[682](../../682/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). "[683](../../683/ "tree and pragmatics") [The History of Argentina](https://archive.org/details/historyofargenti00lewi)".[684](../../684/ "tree and pragmatics") Palgrave Macmillan.[685](../../685/ "tree and pragmatics") - "Ethnologue: Languages of the World".[686](../../686/ "tree and pragmatics") Summer Institute of Linguistics International.[687](../../687/ "tree and pragmatics") 2014.[688](../../688/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lewis, Paul (1990). "[689](../../689/ "tree and pragmatics") The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism".[690](../../690/ "tree and pragmatics") University of North Carolina Press.[691](../../691/ "tree and pragmatics") - Maldifassi, José O.; Abetti, Pier A. (1994). "[692](../../692/ "tree and pragmatics") Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile".[693](../../693/ "tree and pragmatics") Praeger.[694](../../694/ "tree and pragmatics") - McCloskey, Erin; Burford, Tim (2006). "[695](../../695/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina".[696](../../696/ "tree and pragmatics") Bradt Travel Guides.[697](../../697/ "tree and pragmatics") - McKinney, Kevin (1993). "[698](../../698/ "tree and pragmatics") [Everyday geography](https://archive.org/details/everydaygeograph00mcki)".[699](../../699/ "tree and pragmatics") GuildAmerica Books.[700](../../700/ "tree and pragmatics") - Menutti, Adela; Menutti, María Mercedes (1980). "[701](../../701/ "tree and pragmatics") Geografía Argentina y Universal".[702](../../702/ "tree and pragmatics") Edil.[703](../../703/ "tree and pragmatics") - Miller, Marilyn Grace (2004). "[704](../../704/ "tree and pragmatics") [Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race](https://books.google.com/books?id=fK1xia7EQjkC&pg=PA86)".[705](../../705/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Texas Press.[706](../../706/ "tree and pragmatics") - Morris, Michael (1988). "[707](../../707/ "tree and pragmatics") The Strait of Magellan".[708](../../708/ "tree and pragmatics") Martinus Nijhoff Publishes.[709](../../709/ "tree and pragmatics") - Mosk, Sanford A. (1990). "[710](../../710/ "tree and pragmatics") [People and Issues in Latin American History](https://archive.org/details/peopleissuesinla00hank/page/86)".[711](../../711/ "tree and pragmatics") Markus Wiener Publishing.[712](../../712/ "tree and pragmatics") - "Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice".[713](../../713/ "tree and pragmatics") ABC-CLIO.[714](../../714/ "tree and pragmatics") 2012.[715](../../715/ "tree and pragmatics") - Nierop, Tom (2001). "[716](../../716/ "tree and pragmatics") The Territorial Factor".[717](../../717/ "tree and pragmatics") Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press.[718](../../718/ "tree and pragmatics") - O'Donnell, Pacho (1998). "[719](../../719/ "tree and pragmatics") [El Aguila Guerrera: La Historia Argentina Que No Nos Contaron](https://archive.org/details/elaguilaguerrera00odon)".[720](../../720/ "tree and pragmatics") Editorial Sudamericana.[721](../../721/ "tree and pragmatics") - Papadopoulos, Anestis (2010). "[722](../../722/ "tree and pragmatics") The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy".[723](../../723/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[724](../../724/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rey Balmaceda, Raúl (1995). "[725](../../725/ "tree and pragmatics") Mi país, la Argentina".[726](../../726/ "tree and pragmatics") Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino.[727](../../727/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rivas, José Andrés (1989). "[728](../../728/ "tree and pragmatics") Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas".[729](../../729/ "tree and pragmatics") Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero.[730](../../730/ "tree and pragmatics") - Robben, Antonius C.G.M.[731](../../731/ "tree and pragmatics") (2011). "[732](../../732/ "tree and pragmatics") Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina".[733](../../733/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Pennsylvania Press.[734](../../734/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rock, David (1987). "[735](../../735/ "tree and pragmatics") Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War".[736](../../736/ "tree and pragmatics") University of California Press.[737](../../737/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rodríguez, Robert G. (2009). "[738](../../738/ "tree and pragmatics") The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States".[739](../../739/ "tree and pragmatics") McFarland.[740](../../740/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rosenblat, Ángel (1964). "[741](../../741/ "tree and pragmatics") El nombre de la Argentina".[742](../../742/ "tree and pragmatics") EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.[743](../../743/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ruiz-Dana, Alejandra; Goldschag, Peter; Claro, Edmundo; Blanco, Hernán (2009). "[744](../../744/ "tree and pragmatics") Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution".[745](../../745/ "tree and pragmatics") Routledge.[746](../../746/ "tree and pragmatics") - Sánchez Viamonte, Carlos (1948). "[747](../../747/ "tree and pragmatics") Historia Institucional Argentina".[748](../../748/ "tree and pragmatics") Fondo de Cultura Económica.[749](../../749/ "tree and pragmatics") - Traba, Juan (1985). "[750](../../750/ "tree and pragmatics") Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?[751](../../751/ "tree and pragmatics") "". Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José.[752](../../752/ "tree and pragmatics") - Vanossi, Jorge R. (1964). "[753](../../753/ "tree and pragmatics") Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina".[754](../../754/ "tree and pragmatics") Ediciones Depalma.[755](../../755/ "tree and pragmatics") - Wilson, Jonathan (23 August 2016). "[756](../../756/ "tree and pragmatics") [Angels with Dirty Faces: How Argentine Soccer Defined a Nation and Changed the Game Forever](https://books.google.com/books?id=NP7cCgAAQBAJ)".[757](../../757/ "tree and pragmatics") [PublicAffairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs).[758](../../758/ "tree and pragmatics") - Wood, Bernard (1988). "[759](../../759/ "tree and pragmatics") [The middle powers and the general interest](https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood)".[760](../../760/ "tree and pragmatics") North–South Institute.[761](../../761/ "tree and pragmatics") - Young, Richard; Cisneros, Odile (2010). "[762](../../762/ "tree and pragmatics") [Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater](https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000youn)".[763](../../763/ "tree and pragmatics") Scarecrow Press.[764](../../764/ "tree and pragmatics") - Young, Ronald (2005). "[765](../../765/ "tree and pragmatics") Encyclopedia of World Geography".[766](../../766/ "tree and pragmatics") Golson Books.[767](../../767/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading Calvo, Carlos (1864). "Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente". A. Durand. Crooker, Richard A. (2009). "Argentina". Infobase Publishing. Ferro, Carlos A. (1991). "Historia de la Bandera Argentina". Ediciones Depalma. Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; Edmundson, George. Maddison, Angus (1995). "Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992". OECD Publishing. Maddison, Angus (2001). "The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective". OECD Publishing. Margheritis, Ana (2010). "Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas". FirstForumPress. ## External links [National Institute of Tourism Promotion](http://www.argentina.travel/en) [Argentina](https://web.archive.org/web/20260115161514/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/). *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). [Argentina](http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/) at the Latin American Network Information Center [Argentina](https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135441/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm) at the [University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder) [Key Development Forecasts for Argentina](http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR) at [International Futures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/) … [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Argentina/page/6/) **7** ## References {#references} 1\. (no text) 2\. [https://hcdcorrientes.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ley5598.pdf](https://hcdcorrientes.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ley5598.pdf). 22 October 2004. 3\. "[La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad?](http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html)" \[La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley.\]. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. 4\. "[Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin.](https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf)" \[Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin.\]. Cámara de Diputados de la Nación. 5\. "[Argentina Ethnic gropus](https://censo.gob.ar/)". 6\. "[Argentina Religions – Demographics](https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html)". 7\. "[3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km2); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km2) \[pg.23\]](https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf)". *www.ign.gob.ar*. [es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es:Instituto_Geográfico_Nacional_%28Argentina%29) – IGN. 2022. 8\. "[Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km2); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km2); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km2); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km2)](https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx)". *www.indec.gob.ar*. [INDEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Census_of_Argentina). 2024. 9\. The total area claimed is 3,669,710.7 km2 of which the American continental part is 2,780,084.6 km2 (including [Tierra del Fuego Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina)). Area does not include territorial claims in [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica) (873,718.4 km2, including the [South Orkney Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands) and the [South Shetland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands)) and the South Atlantic Islands (15,907.7 km2, including the [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands), the [South Georgia Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia) and the [South Sandwich Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands)).\[7\]\[8\] 10\. "[Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina](https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/)". *RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población*. 11\. "[El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022: 4 datos claves sobre la población argentina](https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina)". *[Página/12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Página/12)*. 12\. "[World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)](https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO%289.0.0%29)". *www.imf.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 14 April 2026. 13\. "[GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR)". [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank). 14\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. 15\. aɾxenˈtina; *Arahentína* or Ayhentína; *Arkentina*; *Arjintina*; *(yr) Ariannin* (ər) arˈjanɪn. 16\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 35. 17\. Article 35 of the [Argentine Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Constitution) gives equal recognition to the names "[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_Río_de_la_Plata)", "Argentine Republic" and "[Argentine Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Confederation)" and using "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws.\[16\] 18\. *República Argentina* reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina; *Arahentína Tavakuairetã* or Ayhentína Tavakuairet; *Arkentina ñi Repüwlika*; *Arjintina Ripuwlika*; *Gweriniaeth yr Ariannin* ˌɡwɛrɪˈnjaɪθ ər arˈjanɪn. 19\. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17. 20\. Borrero, Luis (September 1999). "[The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia](http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146)". *Journal of World Prehistory*. 21\. Crow 1992, p. 128. 22\. Gordon A. Bridger (2013). "[Britain and the Making of Argentina](https://books.google.com/books?id=jXNgInLwwIoC&pg=PA101)". WIT Press. 23\. Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [Universidad Nacional de La Matanza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_La_Matanza) (14 November 2011). "[Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina](http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432)". infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. 24\. "[Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre](http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf)" \[Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures\]. Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004. 25\. [O.N.I. – Department of Education of Argentina](http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/BajarondelosBarcos/frames.htm) 26\. "[Major Non-NATO Ally Status](https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/)". 27\. "[Argentina – Human Development Index – HDI 2021 \| countryeconomy.com](https://countryeconomy.com/hdi/argentina)". *countryeconomy.com*. 28\. The name *Argentine* (Spanish) [El nombre de Argentina](http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm) 29\. "[The name Argentina](https://clmpst2023.dc.uba.ar/argentina/)". 17 July 2026. 30\. The poem's full name is *La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y estado del Brasil*. 31\. Traba 1985, p. 15, 71. 32\. Constitution of Argentina , p. 1826, art. 1. 33\. Constitution of Argentina , p. 1853, Preamble. 34\. Rosenblat 1964, p. 78. 35\. Constitution of Argentina , p. 1860 amd., art. 35. 36\. Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments: 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957, 1972 and 1994 (current) 37\. "[Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English)](http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argentina)". Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013. 38\. Bianco, Miguel Lo (18 July 2024). "[Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America](https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/)". *Reuters*. 39\. Del Papa, Mariano (2024). "Human exploitation of glyptodonts during the Last Glacial Maximum in South America". *PLOS ONE*. 40\. "[Welcome Argentina](http://www.welcomeargentina.com/paseos/paseostruncado/)". 41\. "[WHO UNESCO](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936)". *whc.unesco.org*. 42\. "[Rock Art Studies - News of the World: Volume 3](https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFwBwAAQBAJ)". Oxbow Books. 2021-10-29. 43\. Edwards 2008, p. 12. 44\. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 18–19. 45\. Edwards 2008, p. 13. 46\. Crow 1992, p. 129–32. 47\. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 96–140. 48\. Crow 1992, p. 353. 49\. Crow 1992, p. 134. 50\. Crow 1992, p. 135. 51\. Crow 1992, p. 347. 52\. Crow 1992, p. 421. 53\. Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 194ff. 54\. Rock 1987, p. 81. 55\. Rock 1987, p. 82–83. 56\. Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. Mexico City: Pearson Educación. 57\. Mercene, Manila men, p. 52. 58\. [*Sus padres y hermanos – Por José A. Torre Revell (1893–1964)*](http://www.sanmartiniano.gov.ar/documentos/documento004.php) Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano 59\. O'Donnell 1998. 60\. Lewis 2003, p. 39–40. 61\. "[Feriados nacionales 2018](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/feriados)" \[National Holidays 2018\]. Argentina Ministry of the Interior. 62\. Galasso 2011, p. 349–53. 63\. Galasso 2011, p. 185–252. 64\. San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of [Simón Bolívar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Bolívar) in [Gran Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia), are collectively known as the [Spanish American wars of independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence).\[63\] 65\. Lewis 2003, p. 41. 66\. "[Juan Bautista Túpac Amaru: el rey que Argentina pudo tener](https://www.perfil.com/noticias/elobservador/juan-bautista-tupac-amaru-el-rey-que-argentina-pudo-tener-0067.phtml)". 13 July 2016. 67\. "[El 'plan del Inca' de Belgrano](http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2012/07/06/opinion/OPIN-04.html)". 15 November 2013. 68\. "[Plan del Inca](http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/06/04/sociedad/s-05001.htm)". 15 November 2013. 69\. Lewis 2003, p. 43. 70\. Lewis 2003, p. 45. 71\. Lewis 2003, p. 46–47. 72\. Lewis 2003, p. 48–50. 73\. Galasso 2011, p. 363–541. 74\. Bolt, Van Zanden 2013. 75\. Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 1. 76\. Lewis 1990, p. 18–30. 77\. Mosk 1990, p. 88–89. 78\. Cruz 1990, p. 10. 79\. Díaz Alejandro 1970, p. 2–3. 80\. Galasso 2011, p. 567–625. 81\. Lewis 1990, p. 37–38. 82\. Barros, Álvaro (1872). "Fronteras y territorios federales de las pampas del Sud". tipos á vapor. 83\. Ras, Norberto (2006). "La guerra por las vacas". Galerna. 84\. Bayer, Osvaldo (4 December 2004). "[Pulgas y garrapatas](http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/contratapa/13-44426-2004-12-04.html)". Página/12. 85\. Maeder, Ernesto J. A. (1997). "Historia del Chaco". Editorial Plus Ultra. 86\. Iñigo Carrera, Nicolás (1983). "La colonización del Chaco". Centro Editor de América Latina. 87\. "[Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina](http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html)". Ministerio de Educación de Argentina. 88\. Galasso 2011, p. 7–178. 89\. "[Becoming a serious country](https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country)". *The Economist*. 3 June 2004. 90\. Galasso 2011, p. 181–302. 91\. Alexander, Robert Jackson. *[A History of Organized Labor in Argentina](https://books.google.com/books?id=pCc4QThKRSMC)*. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2003. 92\. Barnes 1978, p. 3. 93\. Barnes 1978, p. 113ff. 94\. 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"[Peron; A Takeover In Name As Well?; The World (Published 1973)](https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/15/archives/a-takeover-in-name-as-well-peron-the-world.html)". *The New York Times*. 1973-07-15. 108\. *Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina*, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007 109\. *Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo*, Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994 110\. ["Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JmcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128) , *Sarasota Herald-Tribune*, 7 March 1976 111\. "[Argentina's Dirty War](http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war)". 112\. "[Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia](http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html)". 113\. Gambini, Hugo (2008). Historia del peronismo. La violencia (1956–1983). Buenos Aires: Javier Vergara Editor. pp. 198/208. 114\. Buncombe, Andrew (11 February 2022). "[Florida businessman, 79, to face trial over notorious 1972 massacre in Argentina](https://sports.yahoo.com/florida-businessman-79-face-trial-210300460.html?guccounter=1)". *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent)*. 115\. McDonnell, Patrick J. (13 January 2007). "[Arrest of Isabel Peron signals willingness to reexamine era](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-13-fg-isabel13-story.html)". *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times)*. 116\. Burke, Hilary (21 January 2007). "[Argentina probes pre-Dirty War rights crimes](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN10477880)". [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters). 117\. Citations discussing this include:\[94\]\[114\]\[115\]\[116\] 118\. Robben 2011, p. 127. 119\. Galasso 2011, p. 423–65. 120\. Robben 2011, p. 76–77. 121\. Anderson, Sloan 2009, p. 40–41. 122\. Wilson 2016, p. 167. 123\. Robben 2011, p. 145. 124\. Robben 2011, p. 148. 125\. Galasso 2011, p. 467–504. 126\. Salas, Ernesto (2021). "[Politics and violence in the final years of the Argentine organization Montoneros (1979–1983)](https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/200049/CONICET_Digital_Nro.86a8027f-5edd-4bbe-8e12-a7a20eb7e5ed_A.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y)". *CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council)*. 127\. Meislin, Richard J. (16 June 1982). "[THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN](https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html)". *The New York Times*. 128\. "[CBS News releases video of the Falklands War riots](https://www.foxnews.com/transcript/cbs-news-releases-video-of-the-falklands-war-riots)". *Fox News*. 24 February 2015. 129\. Galasso 2011, p. 505–32. 130\. 29 December 1986. 131\. 9 June 1987. 132\. Galasso 2011, p. 533–49. 133\. Epstein, Pion-Berlin 2006, p. 6. 134\. 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"[Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/22/argentina-election-exit-polls-buenos-aires-mauricio-macri)". *The Guardian*. 23 November 2015. 150\. "[Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical](http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical)". *Los Andes*. 22 November 2015. 151\. "[Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in](https://www.france24.com/en/20151210-macri-argentina-president-inaugurattion-assumes-power-promises-change)". *France 24*. 10 December 2015. 152\. Carrelli Lynch, Guido. "[Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación](http://www.clarin.com/politica/Macri-anuncio-medidas-amortiguar-inflacion_0_1559844404.html)". *Clarín*. 153\. Alcalá Kovalski, Manuel (5 September 2019). 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Includes higher plants only: [ferns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern) and fern allies, [conifers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer) and [cycads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycad), and [flowering plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant).\[174\] 176\. Includes only birds that breed in Argentina, not those that migrate or winter there.\[174\] 177\. Excludes marine mammals.\[174\] 178\. "[Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194](https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 179\. "[Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina](https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview)". *Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations*. 180\. Viglizzo, Ernesto F.; Paruelo, José M. (2005). "[Sustainable Farming in the Argentine Pampas: History, Society, Economy, and Ecology](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268297020)". *ResearchGate*. 181\. Maenza, Reinaldo A.; Agosta, Eduardo A.; Bettolli, María L. (August 2017). "Climate change and precipitation variability over the western 'Pampas' in Argentina". *International Journal of Climatology*. 182\. "[Grasslands Explained](https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/grasslands-explained)". *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic)*. 183\. "[Objetivos de la Administración](http://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/institucional/objetivos-de-la-administracion/)". *Administración de Parques Nacionales*. 184\. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G. (8 December 2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". *Nature Communications*. 185\. "[Geography and Climate of Argentina](http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483)". Government of Argentina. 186\. Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". *Scientific Data*. 187\. "[Argentina](http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm)". *Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles*. Food and Agriculture Organization. 188\. "[General Information](http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/Information/fsinformations.htm)". Ministerio de Turismo. 189\. Fernandez, Osvaldo; Busso, Carlos. "[Arid and semi–arid rangelands: two thirds of Argentina](http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/fernandez.pdf)". The Agricultural University of Iceland. 190\. Menutti, Menutti 1980, p. 69. 191\. Menutti, Menutti 1980, p. 53. 192\. "[El Cambio Climatico en Argentina](http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf)". Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable. 193\. Robinson, James; Acemoglu, Daron (2006). "[Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy](https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy)". Cambridge University Press. 194\. Levitsky, Steven; Murillo, María Victoria (2005). "[Introduction](https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1)". *Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness*. Penn State University Press. 195\. Leslie E. Anderson (2016). "Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective". University of Michigan Press. 196\. "[Argentina \| The Global State of Democracy](https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina)". *www.idea.int*. 197\. V-Dem Institute (2023). "[The V-Dem Dataset](https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/)". 198\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 1. 199\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 3. 200\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 37. 201\. "[Argentina lowers its voting age to 16](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/)". *The Washington Post*. 1 November 2012. 202\. Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17.\[201\] 203\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 53, 59, 75. 204\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 45, 47, 50. 205\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 54, 56. 206\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 99. 207\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 90. 208\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 116. 209\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 99, 114. 210\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 121. 211\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 5–6. 212\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 123. 213\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 122. 214\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 124–125. 215\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 129. 216\. Although not a province, the [City of Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Buenos_Aires) is a federally [autonomous city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_city), and as such its local organisation has similarities with provinces: it has its own constitution, an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers.\[215\] As [federal capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_capital) of the nation it holds the status of [federal district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district). 217\. Rey Balmaceda 1995, p. 19. 218\. Bernado A. Duggan; Colin M. Lewis (2019). "[Historical Dictionary of Argentina](https://books.google.com/books?id=wiCmDwAAQBAJ&q=Islas+Sandwich+del+Sur:+La+Argentina+en+el+Atl%C3%A1ntico+Sur&pg=PA696)". Rowman & Littlefield. 219\. "[Secretary-General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo 'Symbol of Argentina's Commitment to Peace'](https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sgsm13641.doc.htm)". United Nations – Secretary General. 14 June 2011. 220\. Cooper AF (1997) [Niche Diplomacy – Middle Powers after the Cold War](http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X) , *palgrave* 221\. Galasso 2011, p. 600. 222\. "[Destacamento Naval Orcadas](http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html)" \[Orcadas Naval Base\]. Fundación Marambio. 1999. 223\. "[ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty](http://www.ats.aq/)". Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013. 224\. Constitution of Argentina , p. T. P. 1. 225\. "[Milei reiterates Argentina's claim to Malvinas at UN Assembly](https://en.mercopress.com/2025/09/24/milei-reiterates-argentina-s-claim-to-malvinas-at-un-assembly)". *MercoPress*. 24 September 2025. 226\. "[Latin American and Caribbean State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. 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"[Haiti - Reports](https://response.reliefweb.int/haiti/reports)". *ReliefWeb Response*. 241\. "[Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration](https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html)". *The Wall Street Journal*. 3 April 2013. 242\. Devereux, Charlie (18 September 2015). "[Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter)". Bloomberg. 243\. "[Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048)". *amp.abc.net.au*. 4 October 2023. 244\. "[Argentina and the IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG)". *IMF*. 245\. "[Human Development Report 2013](http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf)". UNDP – United Nations Development Program. 2013. 246\. The other top developing nations being Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey.\[245\] 247\. "[Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/)". 248\. "[Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos](https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html)". 9 June 2022. 249\. "[2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture](https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf)". *International Organisation of Vine and Wine*. 2019. 250\. "[Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/)". 251\. "[Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites](https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/)". 29 September 2021. 252\. "[USGS Lithium Production Statistics](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf)". 253\. "[USGS Silver Production Statistics](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf)". 254\. "[USGS Gold Production Statistics](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf)". 255\. "[petroleum and other liquids production](https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production)". 256\. "[A ameaça do nacionalismo do petróleo na Argentina](https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/)". 257\. "[Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad](http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls)". Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas. 2013. 258\. "[Argentina – Industrial production growth rate](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2011. 259\. "[Argentina – Economy Overview](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. 260\. "[Argentina at TIC 2013: Country pushing CNG, food processing](http://guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2013-06-19/argentina-tic%E2%80%882013-country-pushing-cng-food-processing)". *Digital Guardian*. 2013. 261\. "[Corruption Perceptions Index 2017](https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017)". Transparency International. 2017. 262\. "[Corruption Perceptions Index 2014](https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results)". Transparency International. 2014. 263\. "[Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday)". *Bloomberg.com*. 19 June 2017. 264\. "[Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV)". *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters)*. 23 May 2020. 265\. Barrionuevo, Alexei (5 February 2011). "[Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 266\. "[Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030](https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/)". 267\. "[Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation)". *The New Humanitarian*. 9 February 2023. 268\. "[Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189)". *BBC News*. 2 September 2019. 269\. "[Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276)". 2023-12-11. 270\. "[Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy](https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ)". *[Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle)*. 21 December 2023. 271\. Herald, Buenos Aires (18 February 2024). "[Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says](https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says)". *Buenos Aires Herald*. 272\. "[Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei)". *Bloomberg*. March 31, 2025. 273\. "[Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over](https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/)". Reuters. 274\. "[Argentina \| The 2025 inflation was the lowest in 8 years \| BBVA Research](https://www.bbvaresearch.com/en/publicaciones/argentina-the-2025-inflation-was-the-lowest-in-8-years/)". *www.bbvaresearch.com*. 275\. "[BCRA](https://www.bcra.gob.ar/en/)". *www.bcra.gob.ar*. 2021-04-06. 276\. Chauvin, Lucien (2026-02-24). "[Argentina's economy swings to growth in 2025 \| Latest Market News](https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2792584-argentina-s-economy-swings-to-growth-in-2025)". *www.argusmedia.com*. 277\. "[UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition](http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition)". [World Tourism Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization) (UNWTO). 278\. "[México DF, Buenos Aires y San Pablo, los destinos turísticos favoritos](http://america.infobae.com/notas/52348-Ciudad-de-Mexico-Buenos-Aires-y-San-Pablo-los-destinos-turisticos-favoritos)". Infobae América. June 2011. 279\. "[Argentina – Roadways](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/roadways.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. 280\. "[The 100 goals of Macri until 2019: from inflation at 5% to 2800 kilometers of new highways](https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/los-100-objetivos-de-macri-hasta-2019-de-la-inflacion-al-5-a-los-2800-kilometros-nuevos-de-autopistas-nid1967275/)". 15 December 2016. 281\. "[Argentina – Transportation](http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html)". Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2002. 282\. "[Argentina – Railways](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. 283\. [Desde hoy, toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km](http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1766910-desde-hoy-toda-la-linea-mitre-tiene-trenes-0-km) – La Nacion, 09, February 2015 284\. [Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario](http://enelsubte.com/noticias/exitosa-prueba-en-la-renovada-via-a-rosario/) – EnElSubte, 09, March 2015 285\. [Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía](http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-270658-2015-04-16.html) – Pagina/12, 16 April 2015 286\. [Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos](http://enelsubte.com/noticias/es-ley-la-creacion-de-ferrocarriles-argentinos/) – EnElSubte, 15 April 2015 287\. [Ferrocarriles Argentinos: Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación](http://prensa.argentina.ar/2015/04/15/57505-ferrocarriles-argentinos-randazzo-agradecio-a-la-oposicion-parlamentaria-por-acompanar-en-su-recuperacion.php) – Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina, 15 April 2015 288\. "[Argentina – Waterways](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/waterways.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2012. 289\. "[Argentina – Airports with paved runways](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/airports_with_paved_runways.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 2013. 290\. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 76. 291\. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 24–25. 292\. "[Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/energia/planeamiento-energetico/panel-de-indicadores/potencia-instalada)". 293\. "[RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022](https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf)". *IRENA*. 294\. "[Argentina investe bilhões para transformar ventos da patagônia em energia](https://revistagalileu.globo.com/Revista/Common/0,,EMI307062-18537,00-ARGENTINA+INVESTE+BILHOES+PARA+TRANSFORMAR+VENTOS+DA+PATAGONIA+EM+ENERGIA.html)". 295\. Reneau, Leandro (29 September 2012). "[Atucha III se construirá con un 60% de componentes nacionales](http://tiempo.infonews.com/2012/09/29/argentina-87001-atucha-iii-se-construira-con-un-60-de-componentes-nacionales.php)". Tiempo Argentino. 296\. Argüello, Irma (8 January 2009). "[Brazil and Argentina's Nuclear Cooperation](http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/brazil-and-argentina-s-nuclear-cooperation/3jqa)". Carnegie Endowment for international peace. 297\. "[Background Note: Argentina](https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26516.htm)". State.gov. 298\. "[Hillary Clinton: Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security](https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/04/140130.htm)". State.gov. 13 April 2010. 299\. "[PEHUENSAT-1](http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html)". Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial. 300\. "['Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche](http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/)". Momento 24. 301\. [Science and Education in Argentina](https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en). argentina.ar 302\. "[Satellite Missions](http://www.conae.gov.ar/eng/satelites/satelites.html)". CONAE. 303\. "[Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory](http://www.auger.org/news/releases/inauguration_release.html)". Pierre Auger Observatory. 304\. [Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina](http://buenosairesherald.com/BreakingNews/View/4670) . Buenos Aires Herald (23 June 2009). Retrieved 25 October 2012. 305\. [World Intellectual Property Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (2024). "[Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship](https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/)". *www.wipo.int*. World Intellectual Property Organization. 306\. "[Argentina ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2025](https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/argentina)". *www.wipo.int*. 307\. "[Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015](http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf)". *Gustavo Pérez*. [INDEC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INDEC). 308\. "[Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas](http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/)". Censo2010.indec.gov.ar. 309\. "[Proyecciones y estimaciones](https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24)". *www.indec.gob.ar*. INDEC. 310\. "[Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators](https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf)". UNCEF. 311\. Ramiro A. Flores Cruz. "[El crecimiento de la población argentina](http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf)". 312\. "[Argentina's birth rate declines, but challenges multiply](https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentinas-birth-rate-is-declining-but-the-challenges-are-multiplying.phtml)". *Buenos Aires Times*. 313\. Nee, Patrick W. (2015). "[Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina](https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10)". The Internationalist. 314\. "[The Global Divide on Homosexuality](http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf)". Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013. 315\. Forero, Juan (15 July 2010). "[Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html)". *Seattle Times*. 316\. Fastenberg, Dan (22 July 2010). "[International Gay Marriage](http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html)". *Time*. 317\. "[Argentina – Urbanization](http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html)". Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook. 26 July 2012. 318\. "[About Argentina – Major Cities](http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484)". Government of Argentina. 19 September 2009. 319\. "[República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010](http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/)". INDEC. 320\. "[Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005](http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp)". [National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Census_of_Argentina). 321\. Cruz-Coke, R.; Moreno, R.S. (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile". *Journal of Medical Genetics*. 322\. "[About Argentina](http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669)". Government of Argentina. 323\. Corach, Daniel; Lao, Oscar; Bobillo, Cecilia; Van Der Gaag, Kristiaan; Zuniga, Sofia; Vermeulen, Mark; Van Duijn, Kate; Goedbloed, Miriam; Vallone, Peter M. (January 2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". *Annals of Human Genetics*. 324\. Avena, Sergio A.; Goicoechea, Alicia S.; Rey, Jorge; Dugoujon, Jean M.; Dejean, Cristina B.; Carnese, Francisco R. (April 2006). "[Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires](https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext)". *Medicina (Buenos Aires)*. 325\. Craughwell, Thomas J. (2013). "[Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth](https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63)". TAN Books. 326\. Lizcano Fernández, Francisco. "[Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI](http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf)" \[Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century\]. *Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales*. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 327\. Sánchez, Gonzalo (27 September 2010). "[La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años](http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html)". Clarin.com. 328\. Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. *[The Japanese in Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japanese_in_Latin_America)*. [University of Illinois Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press), 2004. ISBN 0252071441, 9780252071447. p. 146–147. 329\. "[Recopilaron casi 200 años de los sirio libaneses en Argentina](http://www.elindependiente.com.ar/papel/hoy/archivo_2004/noticias_v.asp?39074)". *El Independiente*. 330\. Lizcano Fernández, Francisco. "[Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI](http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf)" \[Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century\]. *Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales*. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. 331\. Montenegro, Silvia (2018). "['Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7)". *Contemporary Islam*. 332\. *["Early\_Muslim\_immigration in Argentina"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Argentina#Early_Muslim_immigration)*, in: *‘Early\_Muslim\_immigration* , Published: 18 December 2022 333\. ["El varieté de la calle Florida"](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/04/sociedad/s-01373795.htm) (Editorial) – [Clarín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarín_%28Argentine_newspaper%29) 334\. "[Patria Grande](http://www.patriagrande.gov.ar)". Patriagrande.gov.ar. 335\. "[Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior – Sociedad –](http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2007/07/21/noticia_0035.html)". Perfil.com. 336\. "[Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina](https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/)". *Global Voices*. 20 July 2023. 337\. Though not declared official *[de jure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure)*, the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws, decrees, resolutions, official documents and public acts. 338\. Lewis, Simons, Fennig 2014. 339\. Colantoni, Gurlekian 2004, p. 107–119. 340\. "[Idioma de Argentina](https://queidioma.com/hablan-en-argentina/)" \[Idiom of Argentina\]. Qué idioma. 341\. Many elder people also speak a [macaronic language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_language) of Italian and Spanish called *[cocoliche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche)*, which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century. 342\. It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called *[Belgranodeutsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgranodeutsch)*. 343\. 28 July 2010. 344\. "[Albanian migration and development: state of the art review](http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf)". 345\. Constitution of Argentina , p. arts. 14, 20. 346\. Constitution of Argentina , p. art. 2. 347\. "[International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – Argentina](https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm)". US Department of State. 2012. 348\. In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.\[347\] 349\. Mallimaci, Esquivel, Irrazábal 2008, p. 9. 350\. "[Latinobarómetro 1995–2017: El Papa Francisco y la Religión en Chile y América Latina](http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20180112/asocfile/20180112124342/f00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf)". January 2018. 351\. Latinobarómetro, (2024). [Informe Latinobarómetro 2024: La Democracia Resiliente](https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp) 352\. DellaPergola 2013, p. 50. 353\. Mallimaci, Esquivel, Irrazábal 2008, p. 21. 354\. Mallimaci, Esquivel, Irrazábal 2008, p. 24. 355\. Donadio, Rachel (13 March 2013). "[Cardinals Pick Bergoglio, Who Will Be Pope Francis](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/world/europe/cardinals-elect-new-pope.html)". *The New York Times*. 356\. "[El Sistema Educativo – Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino](http://portal.educacion.gov.ar/sistema/la-estructura-del-sistema-educativo/)". Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación. 2009. 357\. "[Desde hoy, es obligatorio que todos los niños de cuatro años ingresen al sistema educativo – educación, Escuelas, Sociedad, Docentes bonaerenses](http://www.infobae.com/2015/01/07/1619385-desde-hoy-es-obligatorio-que-todos-los-ninos-cuatro-anos-ingresen-al-sistema-educativo)". *Infobae.com*. 358\. Level duration depends on jurisdiction. 359\. "[Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo, según provincia. Año 2010](http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P7-P_Total_pais.xls)". *Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010*. INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. 360\. "[Total del país. Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010](http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/5/P29-Total_pais.xls)". *Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010*. INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010. 361\. "[Sistema Universitario](http://portales.educacion.gov.ar/spu/sistema-universitario/)". Ministerio de Educación – Presidencia de la Nación. 2011. 362\. The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid. 363\. "[IADB](http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/Desregulacion.pdf)". IADB. 364\. [Estadisticas Vitales – Informacionn Basica Año2008](http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/Archivos/Serie5Nro52.pdf) . Ministry of Health (December 2009) 365\. "[UNData](http://undata.un.org/)". 366\. *UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957.* 367\. *UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997*. 368\. Luongo, Michael. *Frommer's Argentina*. Wiley Publishing, 2007. 369\. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 91. 370\. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 123. 371\. Rivas 1989, p. 11. 372\. Foster, Lockhart, Lockhart 1998, p. 99. 373\. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 51–52. 374\. Bloom 1994, p. 2. 375\. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 52, 80. 376\. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 79, 144. 377\. Young, Cisneros 2010, p. 3, 144. 378\. Miller 2004, p. 86. 379\. Foster, Lockhart, Lockhart 1998, p. 121. 380\. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 43. 381\. "[The "cumbia turra "Has its spokespersons in Paraná:" Los Rompebarrios "is already playing](https://www.elonce.com/secciones/espectaculos/244338-la-cumbia-turra-tiene-sus-voceros-en-parana-ya-suenan-los-rompebarrios.htm)". 29 December 2011. 382\. "[Buenos Aires – A Passionate City](http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558)". *Radar Magazine*. 10 February 2013. 383\. Foster, Lockhart, Lockhart 1998, p. 48. 384\. Long 2009, p. 21–25. 385\. The other top venues being Berlin's [Konzerthaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerthaus_Berlin), Vienna's [Musikverein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikverein), Amsterdam's [Concertgebouw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam) and Boston's [Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston).\[384\] 386\. Mora, Carl J. (1989). "[Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society](https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196)". University of California Press. 387\. "[Argentina – Cultura – Cine](http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php)". 16 October 2011. 388\. King 2000, p. 36. 389\. Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). "[Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator](http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html)". Animation World Network. 390\. "[Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013](http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html)". *Cannes*. 26 May 2013. 391\. "[Market Study – Argentina](http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf)". German Films. August 2013. 392\. Stewart, Jennifer (16 July 2006). "Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun". *St. Petersburg Times*. 393\. Gualino, Arnoldo. "[Blotta, Erminio](http://www.arnoldogualino.com.ar/blotta_erminio.html)". *Historia del Arte en Rosario*. 394\. "[La Escultora Adelantada: Lola Mora (1866-1936)](https://mujeresbacanas.com/la-escultora-adelantada-lola-mora-1866-1936/)". *Mujeres Bacanas*. 11 February 2017. 395\. Martínez-Carter, Karina (14 March 2013). "[Preserving history in Buenos Aires](http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires)". BBC Travel. 396\. Aeberhard, Benson, Phillips 2000, p. 45. 397\. Akstinat 2013, p. 20. 398\. Moore, Don. "[Radio with a past in Argentina](http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html)". A slightly edited version of this article was originally published as Moore, Don (January 1995). "Argentina: Radio with a Past". *Monitoring Times*. Grove Enterprises. 399\. "[Argentina–Infraestructura](http://www.mibuenosairesquerido.com/xArgentina6.htm)". Mi Buenos Aires Querido. 2002. 400\. "[Homes with Cable TV in Latin America](http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/tilan/statistics/cable_table.html)". LANIC – Latin American Network Information Center. 1999. 401\. "[Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 – Argentina](http://www.lamac.org/argentina/metricas/total-por-tv-paga/)". LAMAC – Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council. 2014. 402\. "[Digital 2024: Argentina](https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-argentina)". *DataReportal – Global Digital Insights*. February 23, 2024. 403\. McCloskey, Burford 2006, p. 79, 199, 221. 404\. Steiger, Carlos (2006). 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