---
title: Armenia — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 6
description: Wikipedia's «Armenia», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
---

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# Armenia · page 6

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From Wikipedia, [«Armenia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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[1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Armenia/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Armenia/page/5/) **6**

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In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system.[\[275\]](../../page/6/#ref-275 "note 275")[484](../../484/ "tree and pragmatics") Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise [Armenian history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia) and culture.[\[275\]](../../page/6/#ref-275 "note 275")[485](../../485/ "tree and pragmatics") [Armenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language) became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991.[\[275\]](../../page/6/#ref-275 "note 275")[486](../../486/ "tree and pragmatics") Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language.[\[275\]](../../page/6/#ref-275 "note 275")[487](../../487/ "tree and pragmatics")

In 2014, the National Programme for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational programme (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of the teacher's role in society.[\[276\]](../../page/6/#ref-276 "note 276")[\[277\]](../../page/6/#ref-277 "note 277")[488](../../488/ "tree and pragmatics")

The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector.[489](../../489/ "tree and pragmatics") Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory.[\[275\]](../../page/6/#ref-275 "note 275")[490](../../490/ "tree and pragmatics") Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the [Bologna process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process) and the [European Higher Education Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area).[491](../../491/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Armenian National Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences) plays an important role in postgraduate education.[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics")

Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high school (3 years).[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") Schools engage a 10-grade mark system.[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") The government also supports [Armenian schools outside of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armenian_schools#Schools_outside_Armenia).[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics")

Gross enrollment in [tertiary education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education) at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia.[\[278\]](../../page/6/#ref-278 "note 278")[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") However, public spending per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available).[\[279\]](../../page/6/#ref-279 "note 279")[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics")

### Health

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Health in Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Armenia)

Healthcare in Armenia has undergone significant changes since independence in 1991.[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") Initially, the Soviet healthcare system was highly centralized and provided free medical assistance to all citizens.[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") After independence, the healthcare system underwent reform and primary care services have been free of charge since 2006.[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite improvements in accessibility and the implementation of an Open Enrollment programme, out-of-pocket health expenditures remain high and corruption among healthcare professionals remains a concern.[\[280\]](../../page/6/#ref-280 "note 280")[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2019, healthcare became free for all citizens under the age of 18 and the number of people receiving free or subsidized care under the Basic Benefits Package was increased.[\[281\]](../../page/6/#ref-281 "note 281")[\[282\]](../../page/6/#ref-282 "note 282")[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics")

After a significant decline in earlier decades, crude[\[283\]](../../page/6/#ref-283 "note 283") birth rates in Armenia slightly increased from 13.0 (per 1000 people) in the year 1998 to 14.2 in 2015;[\[284\]](../../page/6/#ref-284 "note 284") this timeframe also showed a similar trajectory in the crude death rate, which grew from 8.6 to 9.3.[\[285\]](../../page/6/#ref-285 "note 285")[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") [Life expectancy at birth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) at 74.8 years was the 4th-highest among the [Post-Soviet states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_states) in 2014.[\[286\]](../../page/6/#ref-286 "note 286")[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics")

## Culture

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Culture of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia)

### Architecture

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Armenian architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_architecture)

Armenian architecture, as it originates in an earthquake-prone region, tends to be built with this hazard in mind.[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenian buildings tend to be rather low-slung and thick-walled in design.[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia has abundant resources of stone, and relatively few forests, so stone was nearly always used throughout for large buildings.[507](../../507/ "tree and pragmatics") Small buildings and most residential buildings were normally constructed of lighter materials, and hardly any early examples survive, as at the abandoned medieval capital of [Ani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani).[\[287\]](../../page/6/#ref-287 "note 287")[508](../../508/ "tree and pragmatics")

### Music and dance

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Music of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Armenia)

The [duduk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duduk), [dhol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhol), [zurna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurna), and [kanun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanun_%28instrument%29) are common instruments in Armenian folk music.[509](../../509/ "tree and pragmatics") The 18th century bard [Sayat Nova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayat_Nova) influenced the development of Armenian folk music.[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") [Armenian chant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_chant) is a common form of religious music in Armenia.[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") Under [Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armenia) rule, the Armenian composer [Aram Khatchaturian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Khatchaturian) became internationally known for his music, including the "[Sabre Dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_Dance)" from his composition for the ballet [Gayane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayane_%28ballet%29).[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics")

### Art

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Armenian art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_art)

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See also: [List of museums in Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Armenia)

[Yerevan Vernissage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Vernissage) (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week).[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus speciality.[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") [Obsidian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian), which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects.[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items.[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernissage.[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics")

Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city park on the weekends.[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia's long history as a crossroads of the [ancient world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history) has resulted in a landscape with numerous [archaeological sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site) to explore.[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") [Medieval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages), [Iron Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age), [Bronze Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) and even [Stone Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age) sites are all within a few hours' drive from the city.[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings.[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics")

The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the [Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages), which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times.[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") It houses paintings by many [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe) masters as well.[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") The Modern Art Museum, the Children's Picture Gallery, and the [Martiros Saryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiros_Saryan) Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan.[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics")

On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announced a change in law to allow [freedom of panorama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama) for 3D works of art.[\[288\]](../../page/6/#ref-288 "note 288")[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics")

### Media

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Main article: [Media of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Armenia)

Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on [advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising), [subscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription), and other sales-related revenues.[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Constitution of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia) guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 61st in the 2020 [Press Freedom Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index) report compiled by [Reporters Without Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders), between [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29) and Poland.[\[289\]](../../page/6/#ref-289 "note 289")[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia's press freedom rose considerably following the 2018 Velvet Revolution.[\[290\]](../../page/6/#ref-290 "note 290")[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics")

As of 2020, the biggest issue facing press freedom in Armenia is judicial harassment of journalists, specifically defamation suits and attacks on journalists' right to protect sources,[\[291\]](../../page/6/#ref-291 "note 291") as well as excessive responses to combat disinformation spread by social media users.[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") Reporters Without Borders also cites continued concerns about lack of transparency regarding ownership of media outlets.[\[289\]](../../page/6/#ref-289 "note 289")[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics")

### Cinema

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Cinema of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia)

[Cinema in Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia) was officially established on 16 April 1923, with the founding of the Armenian State Committee of Cinema by a decree of the [Soviet Armenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) government.[\[292\]](../../page/6/#ref-292 "note 292")[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics")

Prior to this, the first Armenian film, titled "Haykakan Sinema", was produced in 1912 in [Cairo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) [corpus](../../../Cairo/ "in our corpus") by [Armenian-Egyptian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Egypt) publisher Vahan Zartarian and premiered on 13 March 1913.[\[293\]](../../page/6/#ref-293 "note 293")[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics")

In March 1924 the first Armenian film studio, [Armenfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenfilm), was established in [Yerevan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan) [corpus](../../../Yerevan/ "in our corpus"), beginning with the documentary film "Soviet Armenia".[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics")

"[Namus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namus_%28film%29)" directed by [Hamo Beknazarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamo_Beknazarian) in 1925, was the first Armenian silent [black-and-white film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white).[\[294\]](../../page/6/#ref-294 "note 294")[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") Based on [Alexander Shirvanzade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shirvanzade)'s 1885 novel, it portrays the tragic fate of two lovers whose engagement is thwarted due to violations of "[namus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namus)" (a tradition of honor), leading the girl's father to marry her to another man.[\[295\]](../../page/6/#ref-295 "note 295")[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics")

The first Armenian sound film, "[Pepo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepo_%28film%29)," was directed by Hamo Beknazarian in 1935.[\[296\]](../../page/6/#ref-296 "note 296")[\[297\]](../../page/6/#ref-297 "note 297")[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics")

### Sport

<!-- .mk -->
Main article: [Sport in Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia), [Chess in Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia)

Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level.[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations ([UEFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA)) and International Ice Hockey Federation ([IIHF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF)).[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") It also hosts the [Pan-Armenian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Armenian_Games).[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics")

Prior to 1992, Armenians participated in the Olympics representing the USSR.[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions.[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by [Hrant Shahinyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrant_Shahinyan) (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the [1952 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics) in Helsinki.[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics")

"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team.[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."[\[298\]](../../page/6/#ref-298 "note 298")[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics")

Armenia first participated at the [1992 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics) in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having five athletes.[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Since the [1994 Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics) in [Lillehammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer), Armenia has participated as an independent nation.[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics")

Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting.[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating.[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics")

[Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Armenia) is also popular in Armenia.[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") The most successful team was the [FC Ararat Yerevan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Ararat_Yerevan) team of the 1970s who won the [Soviet Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Cup) in 1973 and 1975 and the [Soviet Top League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Top_League_1973) in 1973.[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the [European Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974–75_European_Cup) where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter-final stage to eventual winner [FC Bayern Munich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich).[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia competed internationally as part of the [USSR national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_national_football_team) until the [Armenian national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_national_football_team) was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union.[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the [FIFA World Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings) in September 2011.[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") The national team is controlled by the [Football Federation of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Armenia).[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Armenian Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Premier_League) is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by [FC Pyunik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Pyunik) in recent seasons.[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the [Armenian First League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_First_League).[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics")

Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including [Henrikh Mkhitaryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrikh_Mkhitaryan), [Youri Djorkaeff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri_Djorkaeff), [Alain Boghossian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Boghossian), [Andranik Eskandarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Eskandarian), [Andranik Teymourian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andranik_Teymourian), [Edgar Manucharyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Manucharyan), [Khoren Oganesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoren_Oganesian) and [Nikita Simonyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Simonyan).[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") Djokaeff and Boghossian won the [1998 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup) with [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team), Teymourian competed in the [2006 World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup) for [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team) and Manucharyan played in the Dutch [Eredivisie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie) for [Ajax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax).[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") Mkhitaryan has been one of the most successful Armenian footballers in recent years, playing for international clubs such as [Borussia Dortmund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund), [Manchester United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.), [Arsenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.), A.S.[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Roma and currently for [Inter Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan).[\[299\]](../../page/6/#ref-299 "note 299")[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics")

[Wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling) has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia.[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") At the [1996 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics) in [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta), [Armen Nazaryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Nazaryan) won the gold in the Men's [Greco-Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling) Flyweight (52 kg) category and [Armen Mkrtchyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Mkrtchyan) won the silver in Men's [Freestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling) Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history.[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics")

Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of [Sambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_%28martial_art%29), which is also very popular.[\[300\]](../../page/6/#ref-300 "note 300")[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics")

The [government of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia) budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programmes should benefit from the funds.[\[298\]](../../page/6/#ref-298 "note 298")[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics")

Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million.[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government.[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of [Tsaghkadzor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaghkadzor) to improve the [winter sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sport) infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events.[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in [Yerevan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan) [corpus](../../../Yerevan/ "in our corpus") with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists.[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.[\[298\]](../../page/6/#ref-298 "note 298")[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics")

Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the [World Champion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship) in 2011 and the [World Chess Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad) on three occasions.[\[301\]](../../page/6/#ref-301 "note 301")[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics")

## See also

<!-- .mk -->
[Armenians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians)

<!-- .mk -->
[History of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia)

<!-- .mk -->
[Outline of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia)

## Bibliography

- Badalyan Riegg, Stephen (2020). "[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") Russia's Entangled Embrace: The Tsarist Empire and the Armenians, 1801–1914".[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") Cornell University Press.[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Bournoutian, George A. (2018). "[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914".[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") Routledge.[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Bournoutian, George A. (2006). "[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") A Concise History of the Armenian People".[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") Mazda.[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics")
- "The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age".[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") Wayne State University Press.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") 2000.[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). "[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") Armenia: A Historical Atlas".[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Chicago Press.[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). "[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History".[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") I.B.Tauris.[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Panossian, Razmik (2006). "[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars](https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm/)".[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") Columbia University Press.[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Payaslian, Simon (2007). "[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present".[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") Palgrave Macmillan.[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Saparov, Arsène (2015). "[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh".[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") Routledge.[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Shakarian, Pietro A. (2025). "[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") Anastas Mikoyan: An Armenian Reformer in Khrushchev's Kremlin".[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") Indiana University Press.[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). "[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") [Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History](https://archive.org/details/lookingtowardara00rona)".[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") Indiana University Press.[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics")
- Walker, Christopher J. (1990). "[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") [Armenia: The Survival of a Nation](https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk_x3w7)".[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") St. Martin's Press.[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics")

## External links

<!-- .mk -->
[Key Development Forecasts for Armenia](http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AM) from [International Futures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures)

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[1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Armenia/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Armenia/page/5/) **6**

## References {#references}

<!-- .ref id=ref-1 -->
1\. "[Constitution of Armenia, Article 20](https://president.am/en/constitution-2015)". president.am.

<!-- .ref id=ref-2 -->
2\. "[Armenia](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/)". *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency. 25 March 2025.

<!-- .ref id=ref-3 -->
3\. "[PERMANENT POPULATION NUMBER OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA as of 1 April in 2026 (Armenian, Russian)](https://armstat.am/file/article/population_01_04_26.pdf)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-4 -->
4\. "[World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, April 2026](https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO%289.0.0%29)". [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 14 April 2026.

<!-- .ref id=ref-5 -->
5\. "[Gini index - Armenia](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM)". [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank).

<!-- .ref id=ref-6 -->
6\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025.

<!-- .ref id=ref-7 -->
7\. "[Armenia](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t) ." Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.

<!-- .ref id=ref-8 -->
8\. /ɑrˈmiːniə/ *ar-MEE-nee-ə*\[7\]; *Հայաստան* hɑjɑsˈtɑn

<!-- .ref id=ref-9 -->
9\. *Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն*, hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰˈjun

<!-- .ref id=ref-10 -->
10\. "[Armenia](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095424405)". *Oxford Reference*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-11 -->
11\. "[Caucasus](https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus)". *www.britannica.com*. 18 March 2025.

<!-- .ref id=ref-12 -->
12\. Armenia is widely accepted as part of West Asia geographically, although other definitions place it either fully in Europe or across Europe and Asia.\[11\]

<!-- .ref id=ref-13 -->
13\. "[The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History](https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156)". Oxford University Press. 2003.

<!-- .ref id=ref-14 -->
14\. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). "Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture". Fitzroy Dearborn.

<!-- .ref id=ref-15 -->
15\. Robert Drews (2017). *Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe*. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-88600-4. p. 228: "The vernacular of the Great Kingdom of Biainili was quite certainly Armenian. The Armenian language was obviously the region's vernacular in the fifth century BC, when Persian commanders and Greek writers paired it with Phrygian. That it as brought into the region between the early sixth and the early fifth century BC, and that it immediately obliterated whatever else had been spoken there, can hardly be supposed; \[...\] Because Proto-Armenian speakers seem to have lived not far from Hurrian speakers our conclusion must be that the Armenian language of Mesrop Mashtots was descended from an Indo-European language that had been spoken in southern Caucasia in the Bronze Age."

<!-- .ref id=ref-16 -->
16\. Garsoïan, Nina G. (1997). "[The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times](https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr0001unse)". St. Martin's Press.

<!-- .ref id=ref-17 -->
17\. Stringer, Martin D. (2005). "[A Sociological History of Christian Worship](https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri)". Cambridge University Press.

<!-- .ref id=ref-18 -->
18\. Grousset, René (1947). "Histoire de l'Arménie". Payot.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (*op.cit.* p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.

<!-- .ref id=ref-19 -->
19\. Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include [Osroene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene), the [Silures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silures), and [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino). See [Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_official_adoptions_of_Christianity).

<!-- .ref id=ref-20 -->
20\. "[Constitution of Armenia - Library - The President of Armenia](https://president.am/en/constitution-2015)". *president.am*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-21 -->
21\. The republic has [separation of church and state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state).

<!-- .ref id=ref-22 -->
22\. On 12 June 2024, Armenia announced that it would formally withdraw from the CSTO at a later unspecified date

<!-- .ref id=ref-23 -->
23\. Acharian, Hrachia (1946). "[Hayocʿ anjnanunneri baṙaran](http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=35&query=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" \[Dictionary of Personal Names of Armenians\]. Yerevan University Press.

<!-- .ref id=ref-24 -->
24\. Ագաթանգեղոս §§ 13 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս), 16 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս 2x, ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 35 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 160 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 249 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 715 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 776 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 784 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 796 (ի մէջ Հայաստան աշխարհի), 808 (հասանէին ի Հայաստան աշխարհն)։

<!-- .ref id=ref-25 -->
25\. Ագաթանգեղոս § 885 (ի Հայաստան երկրին)

<!-- .ref id=ref-26 -->
26\. Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, էջ 1 (Հայաստան աշխարհին)

<!-- .ref id=ref-27 -->
27\. Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, 4.բ, էջ 56 (Հայաստան երկրին)

<!-- .ref id=ref-28 -->
28\. 904=1985, էջ 2 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 110 (կանայս ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս)

<!-- .ref id=ref-29 -->
29\. Կորիւն 1994, էջ 83 (Հայաստան աշխարհի), 93 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 103 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհին), 120 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս)

<!-- .ref id=ref-30 -->
30\. ժը (սեռ. Հայաստանեայց, բացառ. ի Հայաստանեայց), տես Աբգարյան 1979, էջ 66, 90

<!-- .ref id=ref-31 -->
31\. Panossian 2006, p. 106.

<!-- .ref id=ref-32 -->
32\. Rafael Ishkhanyan, "Illustrated History of Armenia," Yerevan, 1989

<!-- .ref id=ref-33 -->
33\. Elisabeth Bauer. *Armenia: Past and Present* (1981), p. 49

<!-- .ref id=ref-34 -->
34\. "Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι (The Armenians border on the [Chalybes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybes) to the south)". Chahin, Mark (2001). "The Kingdom of Armenia". [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge).

<!-- .ref id=ref-35 -->
35\. [Xenophon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon). "Anabasis".

<!-- .ref id=ref-36 -->
36\. Ibp Inc (1 September 2013). "[Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments](https://books.google.com/books?id=3WqaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42)". International Business Publications, USA.

<!-- .ref id=ref-37 -->
37\. Archi, Alfonso (2016). "[Egypt or Iran in the Ebla Texts?](https://www.academia.edu/34915656)". *Orientalia*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-38 -->
38\. "[Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian](https://zenodo.org/record/1240524)". *Zenodo*. 9 May 2018.

<!-- .ref id=ref-39 -->
39\. Armen Petrosyan. *The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic*. *Journal of Indo-European Studies.* Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. p. 184. [link](https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download)

<!-- .ref id=ref-40 -->
40\. Armen Petrosyan. *The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic*. *Journal of Indo-European Studies*. Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. pp. 166–167. [link](https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download)

<!-- .ref id=ref-41 -->
41\. Moses of Chorene,[*The History of Armenia*](http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/index.html) , Book 1, Ch. 12

<!-- .ref id=ref-42 -->
42\. *History of Armenia* by Father Michael Chamich from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, Bishop's College Press, Calcutta, 1827, p. 19: "\[Aram\] was the first to raise the Armenian name to any degree of renown; so that contemporary nations... called them the Aramians, or followers of [Aram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_%28given_name%29), a name which has been corrupted into Armenians; and the country they inhabited, by universal consent, took the name of Armenia."

<!-- .ref id=ref-43 -->
43\. "[Charles, R.H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 9:5 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press](http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/8.htm)". *www.pseudepigrapha.com*.

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44\. "[Charles, R.H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 8:21 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press.](https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=papers)". *digitalcommons.andrews.edu*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-45 -->
45\. Josephus, Flavius. "[Antiquities of the Jews](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=1:section=143&highlight=aram)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-46 -->
46\. Dolukhanov, Pavel; Aslanian, Stepan; Kolpakov, Evgeny; Belyaeva, Elena (2004). "[Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia](http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/dolukhanov301/#author)". *Antiquity*.

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47\. Adler, D. S.; Wilkinson, K. N.; Blockley, S.; Mark, D. F.; Pinhasi, R.; Schmidt-Magee, B. A.; Nahapetyan, S.; Mallol, C.; Berna, F. (26 September 2014). "Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Southern Caucasus". *Science*.

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48\. "[325,000 Year Old Stone Age Site In Armenia Leads To Human Technology Rethink](http://www.science20.com/news_articles/325000_year_old_stone_age_site_in_armenia_leads_to_human_technology_rethink-145698)". 28 September 2014.

<!-- .ref id=ref-49 -->
49\. "[A View from the Highlands: The History of Shengavit, Armenia in the 4th and 3rd Millennia BCE](https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/view-highlands-history-shengavit-armenia-4th-and-3rd-millennia-bce)". *The Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications*.

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50\. "[10 World's Oldest Things from Armenia](https://www.peopleofar.com/2014/12/17/10-worlds-oldest-things-from-armenia/)". 17 December 2014.

<!-- .ref id=ref-51 -->
51\. "[Armenian cave yields what may be world's oldest leather shoe](http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/09/armenia.old.shoe/)". [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN). 9 June 2010.

<!-- .ref id=ref-52 -->
52\. "[5,900-year-old women's skirt discovered in Armenian cave](http://news.am/eng/news/73915.html)". *News Armenia*. 13 September 2011.

<!-- .ref id=ref-53 -->
53\. "[Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave](https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/)". [National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society). 12 January 2011.

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54\. Greppin, John A. C.; Diakonoff, I. M. (1991). "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians". *Journal of the American Oriental Society*.

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55\. Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, Jean M. Evans, *Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.* Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)[link](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicC/page/n179) (2008) pp. 92

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56\. Kossian, Aram V. (1997). "[The Mushki Problem Reconsidered](https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html)". pp. 254

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57\. Peter I. Bogucki and Pam J. Crabtree [*Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World*.](http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf)  Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004 ISBN 978-0-684-80668-6

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58\. Paul Thieme, The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties. JAOS 80, 1960, 301–17

<!-- .ref id=ref-59 -->
59\. Petrosyan, Armen (2007). "[Towards the Origins of the Armenian People: The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review (in English)](https://www.academia.edu/3657764)". *Journal for the Society of Armenian Studies*.

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60\. Kurkjian, Vahan (1958). "[History of Armenia](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html)". [Armenian General Benevolent Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union).

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61\. "Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia". Armenian Encyclopedia. 1987.

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62\. Movsisyan, Artak (2000). "Sacred Highland: Armenia in the spiritual conception of the Near East". Yerevan.

<!-- .ref id=ref-63 -->
63\. Kavoukjian, Martiros (1982). "The Genesis of Armenian People". Montreal.

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64\. Bournoutian 2006, p. 12.

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65\. История Востока: в шести томах. Т. 1. Восток в древности / Отв. ред. В. А. Якобсен. — М.: Вост. лит., 1997. — 688 с. — ISBN 5-02-017936-1. Раздел «[Закавказье и сопредельные страны в период эллинизма](http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm#he129para1) »

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66\. "[Report on the Activities on the national standardization of the names of geographical objects of the Republic of Armenia](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/3rd_session_2023/documents/GEGN.2_2023_97_CRP97.pdf)". United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

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67\. Hewsen 2001, p. 34.

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68\. Svenska forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul (1993). "Aspects of Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium: Papers Read at a Colloquium Held at the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul 31 May-5 June, 1992". Swedish Research Institute.

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69\. Joshua J. Mark. "[Assyria](https://www.worldhistory.org/assyria/)". *[World History Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia)*.

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70\. Melton, J.G.; Baumann, M. (2010). "[Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices \[6 volumes\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA470)". Bloomsbury Publishing.

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71\. Hacikyan, Basmajian, Franchuk, Ouzounian , p. 75-76.

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72\. Walker 1990, p. 24.

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73\. Hacikyan, Basmajian, Franchuk, Ouzounian , p. 77-79.

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74\. Mary Boyce. [*Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices*](https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84)  Psychology Press, 2001 ISBN 0-415-23902-8 p. 84

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75\. Hacikyan, Basmajian, Franchuk, Ouzounian , p. 87.

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76\. Garsoïan, Nina G. (1997). "[The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times](https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr0001unse)". St. Martin's Press.

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77\. Panossian 2006, p. 47-48.

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78\. Canard, Cahen 1960.

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79\. Payaslian 2007, p. 52.

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80\. Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977). "The Cambridge History of Islam".

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81\. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); N. Y.) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Speros P. (jr.) Vryonis; Thomas F. Mathews; Jeffrey C. Anderson; Annemarie Weyl Carr; Henry Maguire; Robert G. Ousterhout; Ioli Kalavrezou (1997). "[The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261](https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA361)". Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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82\. Ghazarian, J.G. (2000). "[The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins, 1080-1393](https://books.google.com/books?id=3W89PVbKLZwC&pg=PA23)". Curzon.

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83\. Richard G. Hovannisian (11 February 2004). "[The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century](https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/57/mode/2up)". Palgrave Macmillan US.

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84\. Richard G. Hovannisian (11 February 2004). "The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century". Palgrave Macmillan US.

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85\. Rayfield, Donald (2013). "[Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia](https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&pg=PA165)". Reaktion Books.

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86\. Ward, Steven R. (2014). "[Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces](https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43)". Georgetown University Press.

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87\. Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004). "[The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity](https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47)". Routledge.

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88\. H. Nahavandi, Y. Bomati, *Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse (1587–1629)* (Perrin, Paris, 1998)

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89\. Hewsen 2001, p. 163-165.

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90\. Bournoutian, George A. (2021). "From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813". Brill.

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91\. Badalyan Riegg 2020, p. 55, 91.

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92\. Bournoutian 2018, p. 6-7.

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93\. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 15-17.

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94\. Panossian 2006, p. 120.

<!-- .ref id=ref-95 -->
95\. Badalyan Riegg 2020, p. 164.

<!-- .ref id=ref-96 -->
96\. Kévorkian 2011, p. 11.

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97\. Suny 1993, p. 99.

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98\. Kévorkian 2011, p. 67.

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99\. Walker 1990, p. 177.

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100\. Suny 1993, p. 100.

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101\. Ter Minassian, Anahide (1984). "Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian Revolutionary Movement (1887–1912)". [Zoryan Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoryan_Institute).

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102\. Kirakosian, J. S. (1972). "Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yan pastateghterum, 1828–1923" \[Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828–1923\]. Yerevan.

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103\. Kifner, John (9 April 2018). "[Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview](https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html?onwardjourney=584162_v1)". *New York Times*.

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104\. Akçam, Taner (4 May 2023). "The Cambridge World History of Genocide". Cambridge University Press.

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105\. Walker 1990, p. 200-203.

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106\. Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002). "Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah" \[The Armenian genocide and the Shoah\]. Chronos.

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107\. "[Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on the Armenian genocide](http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html)". Umd.umich.edu.

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108\. Suny 1993, p. 106.

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109\. "[Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution](http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html)". Armenian genocide.

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110\. [Robert Melson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Melson_%28political_scientist%29), *Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust*, University of Chicago Press, 15 October 1992, p. 147

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111\. [Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm) . BBC News. 10 July 2008.

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112\. "[Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex](http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php)". [Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Museum-Institute).

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113\. Vartan Matiossian (23 September 2021). "[The Politics of Naming the Armenian Genocide: Language, History and 'Medz Yeghern'](https://books.google.com/books?id=-j9DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125)". Bloomsbury Publishing.

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114\. Zarifian, J. (2024). "[The United States and the Armenian Genocide: History, Memory, Politics](https://books.google.com/books?id=oT8DEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP29)". Rutgers University Press.

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115\. Herzig, E.; Kurkchiyan, M. (2004). "[The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity](https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98)". Taylor & Francis.

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116\. Hovannisian, Richard G. (1968). "The Allies and Armenia, 1915-18". *Journal of Contemporary History*. Sage Publications, Ltd..

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117\. Panossian 2006, p. 247-248.

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118\. Hovannisian, Richard, and Simon Payaslian. Armenian Cilicia. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2008. 483. Print.

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119\. Hovannisian 1996b, p. 389–390.

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120\. Hovannisian 1996b, p. 405–406.

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121\. Saparov 2015, p. 104-106.

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122\. Panossian 2006, p. 259.

<!-- .ref id=ref-123 -->
123\. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 74–76, 79.

<!-- .ref id=ref-124 -->
124\. Panossian 2006, p. 246.

<!-- .ref id=ref-125 -->
125\. Panossian 2006, p. 266.

<!-- .ref id=ref-126 -->
126\. Shakarian 2025, p. 49.

<!-- .ref id=ref-127 -->
127\. Saparov 2015, p. 103.

<!-- .ref id=ref-128 -->
128\. Suny 1993, p. 140.

<!-- .ref id=ref-129 -->
129\. Shakarian 2025, p. 14-15.

<!-- .ref id=ref-130 -->
130\. Suny 1993, p. 156-157.

<!-- .ref id=ref-131 -->
131\. Suny 1993, p. 155.

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132\. Hayrapetyan, Kanakara (2018). "[Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա. Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ](http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/16176/)" \[Historiographical Analysis of the Mysterious Death of Khoren I Muradbekyan, Catholicos of All Armenians\]. *[Ejmiatsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin_%28magazine%29)*.

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133\. Mouradian, Claire (1996). "De Staline à Gorbatchev. Histoire d'une république soviétique". Ramsay.

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134\. Khudaverdyan, Konstantin S. (1984). "[Սովետական Միության Հայրենական Մեծ Պատերազմ 1941–45](https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%28Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia%29_10.djvu/542)" \[The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945\]. *Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia*. Armenian Academy of Sciences.

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135\. Shakarian 2025, p. 34-35.

<!-- .ref id=ref-136 -->
136\. Panossian 2006, p. 352.

<!-- .ref id=ref-137 -->
137\. Panossian 2006, p. 349.

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138\. Lehmann, Maike (Spring 2015). "Apricot Socialism: The National Past, the Soviet Project, and the Imagining of Community in Late Soviet Armenia". *[Slavic Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Review)*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-139 -->
139\. Suny 1993, p. 192-194.

<!-- .ref id=ref-140 -->
140\. Malkasian, Mark (1996). "Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia". Wayne State University Press.

<!-- .ref id=ref-141 -->
141\. Saparov 2015, p. 166.

<!-- .ref id=ref-142 -->
142\. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 113.

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143\. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "[Significant Earthquake Information](https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5184)". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.

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144\. [Notes from Baku: Black January](http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/pp021603.shtml) . Rufat Ahmedov. EurasiaNet Human Rights.

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145\. "[The March Referendum](http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-146 -->
146\. Payaslian 2007, p. 198.

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147\. Sakwa, Richard (2021). "Russian Politics and Society". Routledge.

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148\. Verluise, Pierre; Chorbajian, Levon (1995). "Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake". Wayne State University Press.

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149\. "[The Ties That Divide](http://www.globalheritagefund.org/news/GHF_in_the_news/economist_ties_that_divide_june_17_06.asp)". [Global Heritage Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Heritage_Fund). 17 June 2006.

<!-- .ref id=ref-150 -->
150\. Tsutsiev 2014, p. 114.

<!-- .ref id=ref-151 -->
151\. [A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time: Nagorno-Karabakh](http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1283/conflict_that_can_be_resolved_in_time.html) . International Herald Tribune. 29 November 2003.

<!-- .ref id=ref-152 -->
152\. "["Velvet Revolution" Takes Armenia into the Unknown](https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/armenia/velvet-revolution-takes-armenia-unknown)". [Crisis Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Group). 20 November 2020.

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153\. "[Armenia: Armen Sarkissian elected into new, less powerful presidential role](https://www.dw.com/en/armenia-armen-sarkissian-elected-into-new-less-powerful-presidential-role/a-42797330)". *[Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle)*. 2 March 2018.

<!-- .ref id=ref-154 -->
154\. "[Pashinyan elected as Armenia's new prime minister](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/armenia-nikol-pashinyan-elected-as-new-prime-minister)". *Al Jazeera*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-155 -->
155\. "[Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation](https://apnews.com/article/europe-azerbaijan-armenia-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84)". *Associated Press*. 24 October 2020.

<!-- .ref id=ref-156 -->
156\. "[Fury and celebrations as Russia brokers peace deal to end Nagorno-Karabakh war](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-armenia-azerbaijan-war-fighting-peace-deal-b1720219.html)". *The Independent*. 11 November 2020.

<!-- .ref id=ref-157 -->
157\. "[Armenians vent fury at West after truce in bloody war in Nagorno-Karabakh](https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-truce-1.5796470)". *CBC News*. 11 November 2020.

<!-- .ref id=ref-158 -->
158\. "[Nikol Pashinyan officially appointed Armenia's prime minister](https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/aug/02/nikol-pashinyan-officially-appointed-armenias-prime-minister-2339082.html)". *The New Indian Express*. 2 August 2021.

<!-- .ref id=ref-159 -->
159\. "[Armenian president resigns over lack of influence](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/armenian-president-armen-sarkissian-resigns)". *www.aljazeera.com*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-160 -->
160\. "[Vahagn Khachaturyan elected new Armenian president](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/vahagn-khachaturyan-elected-new-armenian-president/2522507)". *www.aa.com.tr*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-161 -->
161\. Wesolowsky, Tony (7 May 2022). "[Facing Mass Protests Calling For Him To Resign, Armenia's Prime Minister Is Running Out Of Options](https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pashinian-karabakh-options-protests/31837928.html)". *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-162 -->
162\. "[Armenia, Azerbaijan: Baku Launches Military Operation In Nagorno-Karabakh](https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/armenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh)". *[Stratfor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratfor)*. 19 September 2023.

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163\. "[Joint statement on Azerbaijan's attack on Nagorno-Karabakh](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o/product-details/20230919DPU37422)". European Parliament.

<!-- .ref id=ref-164 -->
164\. "[Azerbaijani forces strike Armenian-controlled Karabakh, raising risk of new Caucasus war](https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/)". *Reuters*. 19 September 2023.

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165\. Ilyushina, Mary (19 September 2023). "[Fighting flares between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia/)". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post)*.

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166\. Roth, Andrew (19 September 2023). "[Azerbaijan launches 'anti-terrorist' campaign in disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region)". *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-167 -->
167\. "[Russian-mediated ceasefire announced in Nagorno-Karabakh](https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120051.html)". *Armenpress*. 20 September 2023.

<!-- .ref id=ref-168 -->
168\. "[Ethnic Armenians accept Russia ceasefire plan after Azerbaijan offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh](https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html)". [CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN). 20 September 2023.

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169\. "[BREAKING: Stepanakert to disband army in ceasefire deal](https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/751112/breaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal/)". CIVILNET. 20 September 2023.

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170\. "[МВД Нагорного Карабаха обвинило Азербайджан в нарушении договора о прекращении огня](https://meduza.io/news/2023/09/21/mvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya)". *[Meduza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meduza_%28website%29)*.

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171\. "[Aserbaidschan soll Waffenruhe gebrochen haben](https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/berg-karabach-aserbaidschan-soll-waffenruhe-gebrochen-haben_aid-98086627)". *[Rheinische Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinische_Post)*. 21 September 2023.

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172\. Moreno Ocampo, Luis (22 September 2023). "[Call what is happening in Nagorno-Karabakh by its proper name](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/09/22/nagorno-karabakh-genocide-armenia/)". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post)*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-173 -->
173\. [U.S. secures strategic transit corridor in Armenia-Azerbaijan peace deal – Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/world/us-secures-strategic-transit-corridor-armenia-azerbaijan-peace-deal-2025-08-07/)

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174\. Cancryn, Alejandra Jaramillo, Adam (8 August 2025). "[Trump touts his favorite type of foreign deal — promoting peace in Armenia-Azerbaijan with some personal branding \| CNN Politics](https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/08/politics/strategic-armenia-azerbaijan-corridor-named-after-trump)". *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN)*.

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175\. "[Armenia country profile](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17398605)". *BBC News*. 16 March 2012.

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176\. Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". *BioScience*.

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177\. "[Geographic Characteristic of The Republic of Armenia](http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf)". *Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006*. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. 2007.

<!-- .ref id=ref-178 -->
178\. "[Percentage of Mountain Area per Country (map)](https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-179 -->
179\. Natasha May Azarian (2007). "[The Seeds of Memory: Narrative Renditions of the Armenian genocide Across Generations](https://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&pg=PA96)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-180 -->
180\. Rouben Paul Adalian (13 May 2010). "[Historical Dictionary of Armenia](https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA85)". Scarecrow Press.

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181\. James Minahan (1998). "[Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states](https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA2)". Greenwood Publishing Group.

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182\. "[Environmental Performance Index](https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/ARM)". *epi.envirocenter.yale.edu*.

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183\. "[Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194](https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.

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184\. "[Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Armenia](https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARM/home/overview)". *Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-185 -->
185\. "["We have good reasons to boast economic growth in the coming years" – Karen Karapetyan Pleased with 2017 Indices in Kotayk Marz](http://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9338/)". *www.gov.am*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-186 -->
186\. "[EU: Armenia nuclear plant should be shut down as soon as possible](https://news.am/eng/news/433776.html)". *news.am*. 30 January 2018.

<!-- .ref id=ref-187 -->
187\. "[Modernization to increase the capacity of Armenian nuclear power plant by 10%](http://arka.am/en/news/technology/modernization_to_increase_the_capacity_of_armenian_nuclear_power_plant_by_10/)". *arka.am*. 13 February 2018.

<!-- .ref id=ref-188 -->
188\. "[Armenian Nuclear Power Plant upgrading program to continue in 2018](https://armenpress.am/eng/news/922486/armenian-nuclear-power-plant-upgrading-program-to-continue-in-2018.html)". *armenpress.am*.

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189\. "Fischer Weltalmanach 2019- Zahlen Daten Fakten". Fischer. 1 July 2018.

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190\. "[Global Data \| Fragile States Index](https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/)". *fragilestatesindex.org*.

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191\. "[Armenia 1995 (rev. 2005) Constitution](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Armenia_2005?lang=en)". *Constitute*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-192 -->
192\. "[Voter registration: Armenia](https://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/archive/CDCountry?set_language=en&topic=VR&country=AM)". *aceproject.org*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-193 -->
193\. "[Regional Administration Bodies](http://www.gov.am/en/regions/)". The Government of the Republic of Armenia.

<!-- .ref id=ref-194 -->
194\. "[Armstat:Provinces, area and population](http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-195 -->
195\. (no text)

<!-- .ref id=ref-196 -->
196\. "[Armenia invited as observer for Arab League](http://azad-hye.blogspot.ca/2005/01/observer-status-for-armenia-in-arab.html)". Azad Hye. 19 January 2005.

<!-- .ref id=ref-197 -->
197\. Leblanc, Daniel (9 October 2018). "[Prime Minister Trudeau has last shot to help Michaëlle Jean stay on as Francophonie leader](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-minister-trudeau-has-last-shot-to-help-michaelle-jean-stay-on-as/)". *Globe and Mail*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-198 -->
198\. "[Nagorno-Karabakh: The Crisis in the Caucasus](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/nagorno-karabakh-crisis-caucasus)". 3 November 2005.

<!-- .ref id=ref-199 -->
199\. "[Armenia and Turkey sign peace deal](https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091010/ts_nm/us_turkey_armenia_9)".

<!-- .ref id=ref-200 -->
200\. Nona Mikhelidze (5 March 2010). "[The Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement at the Deadlock](https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf)". *IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali*.

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201\. "[Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of. Turkey and the Republic of Armenia](http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf)". *Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-202 -->
202\. "[Relations between Turkey and Armenia](http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa)". *Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey*.

<!-- .ref id=ref-203 -->
203\. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (22 February 2017). "[Russian base 'Very important component' of Armenia's security – Defense Minister](https://en.armradio.am/2017/02/22/russian-base-very-important-component-of-armenias-security-defense-minister/)". [Public Radio of Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia).

<!-- .ref id=ref-204 -->
204\. "[Ancestry Data](https://www.census.gov)". U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. [The 2001 Canadian Census](http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0)  determined that there are 40,505 persons of Armenian ancestry currently living in Canada. However, these are liable to be low numbers, since people of mixed ancestry, very common in North America tend to be under-counted: the 1990 census US [indicates](https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/language/table5.txt)  149,694 people who speak the Armenian language at home. "[The Armenian Embassy in Canada](http://www.armembassycanada.ca/diaspora/diaspora6.htm)". estimates 1 million ethnic Armenians in the US and 100,000 in Canada. The Armenian Church of America makes [a similar estimate](https://web.archive.org/web/20030202125735/http://www.armenianchurch.org/heritage/history/america.html). By all accounts, over half of the Armenians in the United States live in California.

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205\. "[European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A5-2002-0028+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN)".

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206\. "[RFE/RL Caucasus Report](http://www.armeniaforeignministry.am/news/inthenews/050107_eu.html)". Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 January 2005.

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207\. "[Interview with RA National Assembly Speaker Artur Baghdasaryan](http://www.arminfo.am/political-issue22.html)". ArmInfo News Agency. 26 October 2005.

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208\. "[Eurasian Economic Commission](http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Pages/default.aspx)". *www.eurasiancommission.org*.

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209\. "[ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)](http://www.customs-code.ru/pravovbaza/18429-dogovor-arm)". *www.customs-code.ru*.

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210\. "[Armenia To Join Russian-Led Customs Union](https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-customs-union/25094560.html)". [Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty). 3 September 2013.

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211\. "[New agreement signed between the European Union and Armenia set to bring tangible benefits to citizens](https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/36141/new-agreement-signed-between-european-union-and-armenia-set-bring-tangible-benefits-citizens_en)". *EEAS*. European Commission. 24 November 2017.

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212\. "[Joint Proposal for a Council Decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52017JC0037)". *EUR-Lex*. 25 September 2017.

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213\. "[EU and Armenia take stock on Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement implementation](https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/east/stay-informed/news/eu-and-armenia-take-stock-comprehensive-and-enhanced-partnership-agreement)". *EU Neighbours*. 18 December 2019.

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214\. Zahorka, Hans-Juergen. "[How Armenia Could Approach the European Union](http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/PDF/Armenia%20ante%20portas.pdf)". *Europäisches Institut GmbH*.

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217\. "[3rd Plenary Round of the EU–Armenia Negotiation on the Association Agreement](http://ec.europa.eu/delegations/armenia/press_corner/all_news/news/2010/20101215_01_en.htm)". Ec.europa.eu. 15 December 2010.

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219\. "[Pashinyan warns of potential de jure freeze of Armenia's activities in CSTO if the current process continues](https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1131379.html)". *[Armenpress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenpress)*. 28 February 2024.

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222\. "[Will Armenia apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days?](https://radar.am/en/news/press-2618720505/)". *radar.am*.

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223\. "[Nikol Pashinyan Said That You Should Apply to Become a Candidate for EU Membership Before Autumn at the Latest](https://hraparak.am/post/c1bb9ccbee31e8bfe4661e7849e99a75)". *hraparak.am*. 5 March 2024.

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224\. "[Armenia mulling EU membership application, foreign minister says](https://www.politico.eu/article/armenia-mulling-eu-membership-application-foreign-minister-mirzoyan-says/)". *politico.eu*. 9 March 2024.

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225\. "[Armenia is considering seeking EU membership, foreign minister says](https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/armenia-is-considering-seeking-eu-membership-foreign-minister-says/)". *euractiv.com*. 10 March 2024.

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226\. "[Armenia approves EU membership bid further straining ties with Russia](https://www.intellinews.com/armenia-approves-eu-membership-bid-further-straining-ties-with-russia-360782)". *www.intellinews.com*. 9 January 2025.

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227\. [Armenian government approves bill to launch EU accession bid](https://www.reuters.com/world/armenian-government-approves-bill-launch-eu-accession-bid-2025-01-09/)

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228\. "[The retreat of global democracy stopped in 2018](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/01/08/the-retreat-of-global-democracy-stopped-in-2018)". *The Economist*. 8 January 2019.

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229\. "[Armenia](https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/armenia)". *freedomhouse.org*. 31 January 2019.

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230\. "[Armenia](https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/armenia)". *freedomhouse.org*.

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283\. Crude rates are not age-adjusted.

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285\. "[Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)](https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cdrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false)". *www.google.com*.

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287\. "[Arts of Armenia (Architecture)](http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/arts_of_armenia/architecture.htm)". *armenianstudies.csufresno.edu*.

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