---
title: Although the heavy cost was criticised, estimated at US$1.5 billion,… — Athens · tree and pragmatics
description: Although the heavy cost was criticised, estimated at US$1.5 billion, Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development. Who acts: functional city. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Athens» with its dependency tree and pra
---

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# Athens, sentence 447

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From Wikipedia, [«Athens»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Although the heavy cost was criticised, estimated at US$1.5 billion, Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development.

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**Who acts:** functional city · **What happens:** criticise, estimate, transform, enjoy · **To what, where:** heavy cost, Athens, functional city, modern technology, transportation

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Athens». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (functional city), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Athens:447
# text = Although the heavy cost was criticised, estimated at US$1.5 billion, Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development.
1	Although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	criticised	criticise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	estimated	estimate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	$	$	SYM	$	_	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	1.5	1.5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	compound	_	_
13	billion	billion	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
15	Athens	Athens	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	transformed	transform	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
18	into	into	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
20	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	21	advmod	_	_
21	functional	functional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
23	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	nsubj	_	_
24	enjoys	enjoy	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	acl:relcl	_	_
25	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	technology	technology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc:preconj	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	transportation	transportation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
32	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
33	urban	urban	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	development	development	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **criticise** | past · passive |  | the heavy cost |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **estimate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: agent=Agent at $=Value |
| 3 | **transform** | past · passive |  | Athens |  |  |  | into a functional city *result* | vn turn-26.6.1 «NP V NP.patient PP.result»: subject=Patient into city=Result |
| 4 | **enjoy** | present | a functional city | modern technology |  | transportation and modern urban development |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer technology=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Athens», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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