---
title: These practices have variously been characterised as "hunter-gathere… — Australia · tree and pragmatics
description: These practices have variously been characterised as "hunter-gatherer", "agricultural", "natural cultivation" and "intensification". A sentence of Wikipedia's «Australia» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Australia, sentence 44

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From Wikipedia, [«Australia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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These practices have variously been characterised as "hunter-gatherer", "agricultural", "natural cultivation" and "intensification".

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**What happens:** characteris · **To what, where:** practices

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Australia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Australia:44
# text = These practices have variously been characterised as "hunter-gatherer", "agricultural", "natural cultivation" and "intensification".
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	practices	practice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	variously	variously	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	characterised	characteris	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	hunter	hunter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	gatherer	gatherer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	agricultural	agricultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	intensification	intensification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **characteris** | present · perfect · passive |  | this practices |  |  |  | as hunter gatherer; variously *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Australia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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