---
title: The modern Azerbaijani spelling, which has been using the Latin alph… — Baku · tree and pragmatics
description: The modern Azerbaijani spelling, which has been using the Latin alphabet since 1991, is Bakı; the shift from the Perso-Arabic letter و (ū) to Cyrillic "ы" and, later, Latin "ı" may be compared to that in other Azerbaijani words (e.g. compare qāpū in old Perso-Arabic spelling with modern Azerbaijani,
---

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# Baku, sentence 25

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From Wikipedia, [«Baku»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The modern Azerbaijani spelling, which has been using the Latin alphabet since 1991, is Bakı; the shift from the Perso-Arabic letter و (ū) to Cyrillic "ы" and, later, Latin "ı" may be compared to that in other Azerbaijani words (e.g. compare qāpū in old Perso-Arabic spelling with modern Azerbaijani, "door") or in suffixes, as و was often used to transcribe the vowel harmony in Azerbaijani (which was also the practice in Ottoman Turkish).

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**Who acts:** Azerbaijani · **What happens:** use, be, compare, transcribe · **To what, where:** modern Azerbaijani spelling, Bakı, other Azerbaijani words, qāpū, old Arabic spelling, و

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Baku». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Azerbaijani), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Baku:25
# text = The modern Azerbaijani spelling, which has been using the Latin alphabet since 1991, is Bakı; the shift from the Perso-Arabic letter و (ū) to Cyrillic "ы" and, later, Latin "ı" may be compared to that in other Azerbaijani words (e.g. compare qāpū in old Perso-Arabic spelling with modern Azerbaijani, "door") or in suffixes, as و was often used to transcribe the vowel harmony in Azerbaijani (which was also the practice in Ottoman Turkish).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	Azerbaijani	Azerbaijani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	obj	_	_
7	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	aux	_	_
9	using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	since	since	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	1991	1991	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	Bakı	Bakı	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	shift	shift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
23	Perso	Perso	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
26	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	و	و	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
28	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	ū	ū	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	_
31	to	to	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Cyrillic	Cyrillic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
33	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	ы	ы	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	34	punct	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
38	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
40	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	compound	_	_
41	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	42	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	ı	ı	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	42	punct	_	_
44	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	46	aux	_	_
45	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	46	aux:pass	_	_
46	compared	compare	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
47	to	to	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
48	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	46	obl	_	_
49	in	in	ADP	IN	_	52	case	_	_
50	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	52	amod	_	_
51	Azerbaijani	Azerbaijani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	52	compound	_	_
52	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	46	obl	_	_
53	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	55	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	e.g.	e.g.	ADV	FW	_	55	advmod	_	_
55	compare	compare	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	46	parataxis	_	_
56	qāpū	qāpū	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	55	obj	_	_
57	in	in	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
58	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	62	amod	_	_
59	Perso	Perso	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	61	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
60	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	59	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	62	compound	_	_
62	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	55	obl	_	_
63	with	with	ADP	IN	_	65	case	_	_
64	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	65	amod	_	_
65	Azerbaijani	Azerbaijani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	62	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
66	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	68	punct	_	_
67	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	68	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
68	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	62	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
69	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	68	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
70	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	68	punct	_	_
71	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	73	cc	_	_
72	in	in	ADP	IN	_	73	case	_	_
73	suffixes	suffix	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	62	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
74	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	79	punct	_	_
75	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	79	mark	_	_
76	و	و	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	79	nsubj:pass	_	_
77	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	79	aux:pass	_	_
78	often	often	ADV	RB	_	79	advmod	_	_
79	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	55	parataxis	_	_
80	to	to	PART	TO	_	81	mark	_	_
81	transcribe	transcribe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	79	advcl	_	_
82	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	84	det	_	_
83	vowel	vowel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	84	compound	_	_
84	harmony	harmony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	81	obj	_	_
85	in	in	ADP	IN	_	86	case	_	_
86	Azerbaijani	Azerbaijani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	81	obl	_	_
87	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	92	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
88	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	92	nsubj	_	_
89	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	92	cop	_	_
90	also	also	ADV	RB	_	92	advmod	_	_
91	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	92	det	_	_
92	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	86	appos	_	_
93	in	in	ADP	IN	_	95	case	_	_
94	Ottoman	ottoman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	95	amod	_	_
95	Turkish	Turkish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	92	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
96	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	92	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
97	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	46	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · perfect · progressive |  | the modern Azerbaijani spelling and the shift from the Arabic letter و to Cyrillic |  |  | since 1991 | the Latin alphabet *obj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | Bakı |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **compare** | may · passive |  | the modern Azerbaijani spelling and the shift from the Arabic letter و to Cyrillic |  | other Azerbaijani words |  | to that | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **compare** | infinitive |  | qāpū |  | old Arabic spelling with modern Azerbaijani or suffixes |  | e.g. *property* | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent qāpū=Patient |
| 5 | **use** | past · passive |  | و |  |  |  | often *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 6 | **transcribe** | to-infinitive |  | the vowel harmony |  | Azerbaijani |  |  | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent harmony=Theme in azerbaijani=Destination |
| 7 | **is a** | past | Azerbaijani | the practice |  | Ottoman Turkish |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Baku», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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