---
title: While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 per cent, compared to 2… — Bangkok · tree and pragmatics
description: While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 per cent, compared to 20–30 per cent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of transportatio
---

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# Bangkok, sentence 417

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From Wikipedia, [«Bangkok»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 per cent, compared to 20–30 per cent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of transportation demand management, also play a role.

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**What happens:** compare, cite, play, cause, lack · **To what, where:** 8 per cent, most Western cities, surface area, role, traffic jams, demand management

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bangkok». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bangkok:417
# text = While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 per cent, compared to 20–30 per cent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of transportation demand management, also play a role.
1	While	while	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
2	Bangkok	Bangkok	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	limited	limited	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
10	per	per	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	cent	cent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	compared	compare	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	–	–	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
18	per	per	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	cent	cent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod:unmarked	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	23	amod	_	_
22	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
26	often	often	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	cited	cite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
28	as	as	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	major	major	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
34	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	jams	jam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
37	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	factors	factor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
40	including	including	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
41	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	42	amod	_	_
42	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	compound	_	_
43	ownership	ownership	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	compound	_	_
44	rate	rate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
45	relative	relative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	appos	_	_
46	to	to	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
47	income	income	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	compound	_	_
48	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	53	punct	_	_
50	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	53	amod	_	_
51	public	public	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	53	amod	_	_
52	transport	transport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	53	compound	_	_
53	systems	system	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
54	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	56	punct	_	_
55	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	56	cc	_	_
56	lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	parataxis	_	_
57	of	of	ADP	IN	_	60	case	_	_
58	transportation	transportation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	59	compound	_	_
59	demand	demand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	compound	_	_
60	management	management	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	56	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	63	punct	_	_
62	also	also	ADV	RB	_	63	advmod	_	_
63	play	play	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	56	conj	_	_
64	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	65	det	_	_
65	role	role	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	63	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
66	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compare** | participle |  | 8 per cent *not said here* |  | most Western cities |  | to 20  30 per cent | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **cite** | present · passive |  | surface area |  |  |  | as a major cause of area's traffic jams and other factors; including vehicle ownership rate; lack of demand management *parataxis*; often *property* | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme as cause=Attribute |
| 3 | **play** | infinitive |  | a role |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent role=Theme |
| 4 | **cause** |  |  | area's traffic jams and other factors |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |
| 5 | **lack** |  |  | demand management |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bangkok», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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