---
title: The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of s… — Bangkok · tree and pragmatics
description: The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of soft marine clay, known as "Bangkok clay", averaging 15 m in thickness, which overlies an aquifer system consisting of eight known units. Who acts: top layer, thickness, aquifer system. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Bangkok» with its de
---

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# Bangkok, sentence 96

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From Wikipedia, [«Bangkok»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of soft marine clay, known as "Bangkok clay", averaging 15 m in thickness, which overlies an aquifer system consisting of eight known units.

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**Who acts:** top layer, thickness, aquifer system · **What happens:** characteris, know, average, overlie, consist · **To what, where:** geology, soft marine clay, 15 m, thickness, aquifer system

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bangkok». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (top layer, thickness, aquifer system), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bangkok:96
# text = The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of soft marine clay, known as "Bangkok clay", averaging 15 m in thickness, which overlies an aquifer system consisting of eight known units.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Bangkok	Bangkok	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	characterised	characteris	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	marine	marine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
19	as	as	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	Bangkok	bangkok	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	averaging	average	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
26	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	27	nummod	_	_
27	m	m	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	thickness	thickness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	32	nsubj	_	_
32	overlies	overlie	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	acl:relcl	_	_
33	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
34	aquifer	aquifer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
36	consisting	consist	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	35	acl	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
38	eight	eight	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	40	nummod	_	_
39	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	40	amod	_	_
40	units	unit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **characteris** | present · passive | a top layer of soft marine clay | the geology of the Bangkok area |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | participle |  | soft marine clay *not said here* |  |  |  | as Bangkok clay | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer as clay=Attribute |
| 3 | **average** | gerund |  | 15 m |  | thickness |  |  | vn multiply-108-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent m=Theme |
| 4 | **overlie** | present | thickness | a aquifer system |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **consist** | gerund | a aquifer system *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of eight known units | tree rules |
| 6 | **know** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bangkok», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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