--- title: For instance, the mid vowels written é, è, ô, o in French are writte… — Benin · tree and pragmatics description: For instance, the mid vowels written é, è, ô, o in French are written e, ɛ, o, ɔ in Beninese languages, whereas the consonants that are written ng and sh or ch in English are written ŋ and c. Digraphs are used for nasal vowels and the labial-velar consonants kp and gb, as in the name of the Fon lang --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Benin/157/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / [Benin](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Benin/) / 157 # Benin, sentence 157 From Wikipedia, [«Benin»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. For instance, the mid vowels written é, è, ô, o in French are written e, ɛ, o, ɔ in Beninese languages, whereas the consonants that are written ng and sh or ch in English are written ŋ and c. Digraphs are used for nasal vowels and the labial-velar consonants kp and gb, as in the name of the Fon language Fon gbe /fõ ɡ͡be/, and diacritics are used as tone marks. **Who acts:** mid vowels · **What happens:** write, be, use, name · **To what, where:** written e, consonants, ŋ, diacritics, Fon language This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Benin». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mid vowels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Benin:157 # text = For instance, the mid vowels written é, è, ô, o in French are written e, ɛ, o, ɔ in Beninese languages, whereas the consonants that are written ng and sh or ch in English are written ŋ and c. Digraphs are used for nasal vowels and the labial-velar consonants kp and gb, as in the name of the Fon language Fon gbe /fõ ɡ͡be/, and diacritics are used as tone marks. 1 For for ADP IN _ 2 case _ _ 2 instance instance NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 mid mid ADJ JJ _ 6 amod _ _ 6 vowels vowel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ _ 7 written write VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 amod _ _ 8 é é NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 9 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 10 è è NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 ô ô NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 13 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 14 o o NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 conj _ _ 15 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 French French PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 nmod _ _ 17 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 cop _ _ 18 written write VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 19 amod _ _ 19 e e NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 21 ɛ ɛ NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 22 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 23 o o INTJ UH _ 25 discourse _ SpaceAfter=No 24 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 25 ɔ ɔ NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 conj _ _ 26 in in ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 Beninese beninese ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 28 amod _ _ 28 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 29 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 30 whereas whereas SCONJ IN _ 32 case _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 consonants consonant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 44 nsubj:pass _ _ 33 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 35 nsubj:pass _ _ 34 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 35 aux:pass _ _ 35 written write VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 32 acl:relcl _ _ 36 ng ng NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obj _ _ 37 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 38 sh sh NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 conj _ _ 39 or or CCONJ CC _ 40 cc _ _ 40 ch ch NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 conj _ _ 41 in in ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 42 English English PROPN NNP Number=Sing 40 nmod _ _ 43 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 44 aux:pass _ _ 44 written write VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 19 parataxis _ _ 45 ŋ ŋ NOUN NN Number=Sing 50 nsubj:pass _ _ 46 and and CCONJ CC _ 48 cc _ _ 47 c. c. NOUN NN Number=Sing 48 compound _ _ 48 Digraphs digraph NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 conj _ _ 49 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 50 aux:pass _ _ 50 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 44 conj _ _ 51 for for ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 52 nasal nasal ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 53 amod _ _ 53 vowels vowel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 50 obl _ _ 54 and and CCONJ CC _ 60 cc _ _ 55 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 60 det _ _ 56 labial labial ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 58 amod _ SpaceAfter=No 57 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 56 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 58 velar velar ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 59 amod _ _ 59 consonants consonant NOUN NNS Number=Plur 60 compound _ _ 60 kp kp NOUN NN Number=Sing 53 conj _ _ 61 and and CCONJ CC _ 62 cc _ _ 62 gb gb NOUN NN Number=Sing 60 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 63 , , PUNCT , _ 67 punct _ _ 64 as as ADP IN _ 67 case _ _ 65 in in ADP IN _ 67 case _ _ 66 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 67 det _ _ 67 name name NOUN NN Number=Sing 60 conj _ _ 68 of of ADP IN _ 71 case _ _ 69 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 71 det _ _ 70 Fon Fon PROPN NNP Number=Sing 71 compound _ _ 71 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 67 nmod _ _ 72 Fon Fon PROPN NNP Number=Sing 71 appos _ _ 73 gbe gbe NOUN NN Number=Sing 71 conj _ _ 74 / / SYM , _ 75 cc _ SpaceAfter=No 75 fõ fõ NOUN NN Number=Sing 73 conj _ _ 76 ɡ͡be ɡ͡be NOUN NN Number=Sing 73 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 77 / / PUNCT , _ 76 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 78 , , PUNCT , _ 82 punct _ _ 79 and and CCONJ CC _ 82 cc _ _ 80 diacritics diacritic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 82 nsubj:pass _ _ 81 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 82 aux:pass _ _ 82 used use VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 44 conj _ _ 83 as as ADP IN _ 85 case _ _ 84 tone tone NOUN NN Number=Sing 85 compound _ _ 85 marks mark NOUN NNS Number=Plur 82 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 86 . . PUNCT . _ 19 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **write** | participle | | | | | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **write** | participle | | | | | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **is a** | present | the mid vowels and o in French | written e and ɛ and ɔ in Beninese languages | | | | for instance; ɛ *conj*; ɔ in Beninese languages *conj* | tree rules | | 4 | **write** | present · passive | | the consonants | | | | ng and sh or ch in English *obj* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient ng=Topic | | 5 | **write** | present · passive | | the consonants | | | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 6 | **use** | present · passive | | ŋ and c. Digraphs | | | | for nasal vowels and the consonants kp and gb and the name of the Fon language and gbe / fõ and ɡ͡be | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for vowel=Eventuality | | 7 | **use** | present · passive | | diacritics | | | | as tone marks | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as mark=Attribute | | 8 | **name** | | | the Fon language and gbe / fõ and ɡ͡be | | | | | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Benin», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 156](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Benin/156/) - next →: [sentence 158](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Benin/158/) - ↑ back to [Benin](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Benin/)