---
title: Some so-called challenges facing research and development in Benin a… — Benin · tree and pragmatics
description: Some so-called challenges facing research and development in Benin are: Who acts: challenges. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Benin» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Benin, sentence 238

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From Wikipedia, [«Benin»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Some so-called challenges facing research and development in Benin are:

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**Who acts:** challenges · **What happens:** call, face, be · **To what, where:** challenges, research · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Benin». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (challenges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Benin:238
# text = Some so-called challenges facing research and development in Benin are:
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
2	so	so	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
5	challenges	challenge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
6	facing	face	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	research	research	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	development	development	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Benin	Benin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | participle |  | some challenges *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **face** | gerund | some challenges *not said here* | research and development |  |  |  | in Benin | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent research=Destination in benin=Theme |
| 3 | **does** | present | some challenges |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Benin», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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