---
title: Before the 1980s, the Lhotshampa (Nepali-speaking community), mainly… — Bhutan · tree and pragmatics
description: Before the 1980s, the Lhotshampa (Nepali-speaking community), mainly based in southern Bhutan, constituted approximately 30% of the population. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Bhutan» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Bhutan, sentence 458

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From Wikipedia, [«Bhutan»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Before the 1980s, the Lhotshampa (Nepali-speaking community), mainly based in southern Bhutan, constituted approximately 30% of the population.

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**What happens:** speak, base, constitute · **To what, where:** Lhotshampa, southern Bhutan · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bhutan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bhutan:458
# text = Before the 1980s, the Lhotshampa (Nepali-speaking community), mainly based in southern Bhutan, constituted approximately 30% of the population.
1	Before	before	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	1980s	1980s	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Lhotshampa	Lhotshampa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Nepali	Nepali	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	mainly	mainly	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	based	base	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	Bhutan	Bhutan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	constituted	constitute	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl	_	_
21	approximately	approximately	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
22	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	23	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **base** | participle |  | the Lhotshampa before the 1980s *not said here* |  | southern Bhutan |  | mainly *property* | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **constitute** | participle |  | southern Bhutan *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme %=Pivot |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bhutan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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