---
title: Until the early 17th century, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor… — Bhutan · tree and pragmatics
description: Until the early 17th century, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms, when the area was unified by the Tibetan lama and military leader Ngawang Namgyal, who had fled religious persecution in Tibet. Who acts: Bhutan, minor, Tibetan lama, Ngawang. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Bhutan» wi
---

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# Bhutan, sentence 54

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From Wikipedia, [«Bhutan»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Until the early 17th century, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms, when the area was unified by the Tibetan lama and military leader Ngawang Namgyal, who had fled religious persecution in Tibet.

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**Who acts:** Bhutan, minor, Tibetan lama, Ngawang · **What happens:** exist, war, unify, flee · **To what, where:** fiefdoms, area, religious persecution, Tibet

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bhutan». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bhutan, minor, Tibetan lama, Ngawang), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bhutan:54
# text = Until the early 17th century, Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms, when the area was unified by the Tibetan lama and military leader Ngawang Namgyal, who had fled religious persecution in Tibet.
1	Until	until	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	17th	17th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	5	amod	_	_
5	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	Bhutan	Bhutan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	existed	exist	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	patchwork	patchwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	minor	minor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	warring	war	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	_
15	fiefdoms	fiefdom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	unified	unify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
22	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	Tibetan	Tibetan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	lama	lama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	military	military	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	_
29	Ngawang	Ngawang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	appos	_	_
30	Namgyal	Namgyal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	34	nsubj	_	_
33	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
34	fled	flee	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	29	acl	_	_
35	religious	religious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obj	_	_
37	in	in	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	Tibet	Tibet	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exist** | past | Bhutan |  |  |  | century | as a patchwork of minor | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **war** | gerund | minor *not said here* | fiefdoms |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **unify** | past · passive | the Tibetan lama and military leader | the area |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 4 | **flee** | past · perfect | Ngawang | religious persecution |  | Tibet |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme persecution=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bhutan», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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