--- title: Bosnia and Herzegovina — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 6 description: Wikipedia's «Bosnia and Herzegovina», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Bosnia and Herzegovina # Bosnia and Herzegovina · page 6 From Wikipedia, [«Bosnia and Herzegovina»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/5/) **6** [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/7/) Most recently, the [Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost) named Bosnia and Herzegovina the "9th Greatest Adventure in the World for 2013", adding that the country boasts "the cleanest water and air in Europe; the greatest untouched forests; and the most wildlife.[411](../../411/ "tree and pragmatics") The best way to experience is the three rivers trip, which purls through the best the Balkans have to offer."[\[232\]](../../page/7/#ref-232 "note 232")[412](../../412/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Transport Main article: [Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) [Sarajevo International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_International_Airport), also known as Butmir Airport, is the main [international airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located 3.3 NM southwest of the [Sarajevo main railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_main_railway_station)[\[233\]](../../page/7/#ref-233 "note 233") in the city of [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo) [corpus](../../../Sarajevo/ "in our corpus") in the suburb of [Butmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butmir).[413](../../413/ "tree and pragmatics") Railway operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina are successors of the [Yugoslav Railways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways) within the country boundaries following independence from the [former Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) in 1992.[414](../../414/ "tree and pragmatics") Today, they are operated by the [Railways of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (ŽFBiH) in the [Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) and by [Republika Srpska Railways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska_Railways) (ŽRS) in [Republika Srpska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska).[415](../../415/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Telecommunications Main article: [Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) The Bosnian communications market was fully [liberalised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalization) in January 2006.[416](../../416/ "tree and pragmatics") The three [landline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline) telephone operators predominantly provide services in their operating areas but have nationwide licenses for domestic and international calls.[417](../../417/ "tree and pragmatics") Mobile data services are also available, including high-speed [EDGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution), [3G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G) and [4G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G) services.[\[234\]](../../page/7/#ref-234 "note 234")[418](../../418/ "tree and pragmatics") [Oslobođenje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslobođenje) (Liberation), founded in 1943, is one of the country's longest running continuously circulating newspapers.[419](../../419/ "tree and pragmatics") There are many national publications, including the [Dnevni avaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevni_avaz) (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News), to name but a few in circulation in Sarajevo.[\[235\]](../../page/7/#ref-235 "note 235")[420](../../420/ "tree and pragmatics") Other local periodicals include the Croatian [Hrvatska riječ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_riječ) newspaper and Bosnian [Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_%28Bosnian_magazine%29) magazine, as well as Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days) weekly newspapers.[421](../../421/ "tree and pragmatics") [Novi Plamen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Plamen), a monthly magazine, was the most left-wing publication.[422](../../422/ "tree and pragmatics") International news station [Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network) maintains a [sister channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_channel) catering to the [Balkan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans) region, [Al Jazeera Balkans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Balkans), broadcasting out of and based in Sarajevo.[\[236\]](../../page/7/#ref-236 "note 236")[423](../../423/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 2014, the [N1 platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_%28TV_channel%29) has broadcast as an affiliate of [CNN International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_International), with offices in Sarajevo, [Zagreb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb) [corpus](../../../Zagreb/ "in our corpus") and [Belgrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade) [corpus](../../../Belgrade/ "in our corpus").[\[237\]](../../page/7/#ref-237 "note 237")[424](../../424/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2021, Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked second highest in [press freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press) in the region, after [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) [corpus](../../../Croatia/ "in our corpus"), and is placed 58th internationally.[\[238\]](../../page/7/#ref-238 "note 238")[425](../../425/ "tree and pragmatics") as of 2021 December, there are 3,374,094 internet users in the country, or 95.55% of the entire population.[\[239\]](../../page/7/#ref-239 "note 239")[426](../../426/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics Main article: [Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), [Bosnians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnians) See also: [Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) According to the [1991 census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 4,369,319, while the 1996 World Bank Group census showed a decrease to 3,764,425.[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240")[427](../../427/ "tree and pragmatics") Large population migrations during the [Yugoslav Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars) in the 1990s have caused demographic shifts in the country.[428](../../428/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 1991 and 2013, political disagreements made it impossible to organize a census.[429](../../429/ "tree and pragmatics") A census had been planned for 2011,[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241") and then for 2012,[\[242\]](../../page/7/#ref-242 "note 242") but was delayed until October 2013.[430](../../430/ "tree and pragmatics") The [2013 census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) found a total population of 3,531,159 people,[\[12\]](../../page/7/#ref-12 "note 12") a drop of approximately 20% since 1991.[\[243\]](../../page/7/#ref-243 "note 243")[431](../../431/ "tree and pragmatics") The 2013 census figures include non-permanent Bosnian residents and for this reason are contested by Republika Srpska officials and Serb politicians (see Ethnic groups below).[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[432](../../432/ "tree and pragmatics") According to [United Nations Population Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund), between 2013 and 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina was losing 25,000 people yearly.[433](../../433/ "tree and pragmatics") The demographic expert Stevo Palašić concluded that between 1991 and 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina lost 1.4 million people or one-third of its population.[434](../../434/ "tree and pragmatics") [Tim Judah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Judah) considers the 2022 state agency estimate of 3.4 million inhabitants "extremely optimistic" and wrongly based on the 2013 census.[435](../../435/ "tree and pragmatics") Pašalić, who based his calculation on the official data, estimates the number to 2.9 million.[436](../../436/ "tree and pragmatics") Other demographic experts from Bosnia and Herzegovina, including Miodrag Pantović and Nermin Oruč, estimate that the total population in Bosnia and Herzegovina is slightly below 1.5 million.[\[245\]](../../page/7/#ref-245 "note 245")[437](../../437/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Urban areas [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo) [corpus](../../../Sarajevo/ "in our corpus") is home to 419,957 inhabitants in its urban area which comprises the [City of Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo#Municipalities_and_city_government) [corpus](../../../Sarajevo/ "in our corpus") as well as the municipalities of [Ilidža](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilidža), [Vogošća](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogošća), [Istočna Ilidža](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istočna_Ilidža), [Istočno Novo Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istočno_Novo_Sarajevo) and [Istočni Stari Grad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istočni_Stari_Grad).[\[246\]](../../page/7/#ref-246 "note 246")[438](../../438/ "tree and pragmatics") The [metro area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_metropolitan_area) has a population of 555,210 and includes [Sarajevo Canton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Canton), [East Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istočno_Sarajevo) and the municipalities of [Breza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), [Kiseljak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiseljak), [Kreševo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreševo) and [Visoko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoko).[\[247\]](../../page/7/#ref-247 "note 247")[439](../../439/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Ethnic groups Main article: [Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to three ethnic "[constituent peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)", namely [Bosniaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks), [Serbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs) and [Croats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats), plus a number of smaller groups including [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) and [Roma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina).[\[248\]](../../page/7/#ref-248 "note 248")[440](../../440/ "tree and pragmatics") According to data from the 2013 census published by the [Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_system_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#The_Agency_for_Statistics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%28BHAS%29), Bosniaks constitute 50.1% of the population, Serbs 30.8%, Croats 15.5% and others 2.7%, with the remaining respondents not declaring their ethnicity or not answering.[\[12\]](../../page/7/#ref-12 "note 12")[441](../../441/ "tree and pragmatics") The census results are contested by the [Republika Srpska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska) statistical office and by [Bosnian Serb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) politicians.[\[249\]](../../page/7/#ref-249 "note 249")[442](../../442/ "tree and pragmatics") The dispute over the census concerns the inclusion of non-permanent Bosnian residents in the figures, which Republika Srpska officials oppose.[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[443](../../443/ "tree and pragmatics") The [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union)'s statistics office, [Eurostat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat), concluded in May 2016 that the census methodology used by the Bosnian statistical agency is in line with international recommendations.[\[250\]](../../page/7/#ref-250 "note 250")[444](../../444/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Languages Bosnia's constitution does not specify any official languages.[\[2\]](../../page/7/#ref-2 "note 2")[\[251\]](../../page/7/#ref-251 "note 251")[\[4\]](../../page/7/#ref-4 "note 4")[445](../../445/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the [Dayton Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement) was written in four versions—[Bosnian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language), [Croatian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language), English, and [Serbian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language).[446](../../446/ "tree and pragmatics") Academics Hilary Footitt and Michael Kelly describe this as "de facto recognition of three official languages" at the state level.[447](../../447/ "tree and pragmatics") The equal status of Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian was verified by the [Constitutional Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) in 2000.[\[4\]](../../page/7/#ref-4 "note 4")[448](../../448/ "tree and pragmatics") It ruled that the provisions of the [Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) and Republika Srpska constitutions on language were incompatible with the state constitution, since they only recognised Bosnian and Croatian (in the case of the Federation) and Serbian (in the case of Republika Srpska) as official languages at the entity level.[449](../../449/ "tree and pragmatics") As a result, the wording of the entity constitutions was changed and all three languages were made official in both entities.[\[4\]](../../page/7/#ref-4 "note 4")[450](../../450/ "tree and pragmatics") The three [standard languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language) are fully [mutually intelligible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility) and are known collectively under the appellation of [Serbo-Croatian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian), though this term is not formally recognized in the country.[451](../../451/ "tree and pragmatics") Use of one of the three languages has become a marker of ethnic identity.[\[252\]](../../page/7/#ref-252 "note 252")[452](../../452/ "tree and pragmatics") Michael Kelly and Catherine Baker argue, "The three official languages of today's Bosnian state...represent the symbolic assertion of national identity over the pragmatism of mutual intelligibility".[\[253\]](../../page/7/#ref-253 "note 253")[453](../../453/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 1992 [European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages) (ECRML), Bosnia and Herzegovina recognizes the following minority languages: [Albanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language), [Montenegrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_language), [Czech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language), [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language), [Hungarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language), [Macedonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language), [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language), [Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language), [Romani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language), [Romanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language), [Rusyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language), [Slovak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language), [Slovene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language), [Turkish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language), [Ukrainian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language), and Jewish ([Yiddish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish) and [Ladino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish)).[\[254\]](../../page/7/#ref-254 "note 254")[454](../../454/ "tree and pragmatics") The German minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mostly remnants of [Danube Swabians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Swabians), who settled in the area after the [Habsburg monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire) claimed the Balkans from the [Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire).[455](../../455/ "tree and pragmatics") [Expulsions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_%281944–1950%29) and [(forced) assimilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Germans) after the two [World wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war) drastically diminished the number of ethnic Germans in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[\[255\]](../../page/7/#ref-255 "note 255")[456](../../456/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 2013 census, 52.86% of the population consider their mother tongue Bosnian, 30.76% Serbian, 14.6% Croatian, and 1.57% another language, with 0.21% not giving an answer.[\[12\]](../../page/7/#ref-12 "note 12")[457](../../457/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Religion Main article: [Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina is a religiously diverse country.[458](../../458/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2013 census, [Muslims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims) constituted 50.7% of the population, while [Orthodox Christians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) made up 30.7%, [Catholic Christians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church) 15.2%, 1.2% other and 1.1% [atheist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism) or [agnostic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism), with the remainder not declaring or not answering the question.[\[12\]](../../page/7/#ref-12 "note 12")[459](../../459/ "tree and pragmatics") A 2012 survey found 54% of Bosnia's Muslims were [non-denominational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim), while 38% followed [Sunnism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam).[\[256\]](../../page/7/#ref-256 "note 256")[460](../../460/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Education Main article: [Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Primary schooling lasts for nine years.[461](../../461/ "tree and pragmatics") Secondary education is provided by general and technical secondary schools (typically [Gymnasiums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29)) where studies typically last for four years.[462](../../462/ "tree and pragmatics") All forms of secondary schooling include an element of [vocational training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education).[463](../../463/ "tree and pragmatics") Pupils graduating from general secondary schools obtain the [Matura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura) and can enroll in any tertiary educational institution or academy by passing a qualification examination prescribed by the governing body or institution.[464](../../464/ "tree and pragmatics") Students graduating technical subjects obtain a [Diploma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma).[\[257\]](../../page/7/#ref-257 "note 257")[465](../../465/ "tree and pragmatics") The first bespoke higher-education institution was a school of [Sufi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) philosophy established by [Gazi Husrev-beg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Husrev_Bey) in 1531.[466](../../466/ "tree and pragmatics") Numerous other religious schools then followed.[467](../../467/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1887, under the [Austro-Hungarian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary), a [Sharia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) law school began a five-year program.[\[258\]](../../page/7/#ref-258 "note 258")[468](../../468/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1940s, the [University of Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo) became the city's first secular higher education institute.[469](../../469/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1950s, post-baccalaurate graduate degrees became available.[\[259\]](../../page/7/#ref-259 "note 259")[470](../../470/ "tree and pragmatics") Severely damaged during the [war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War), it was recently rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities.[471](../../471/ "tree and pragmatics") There are various other institutions of higher education, including: [University Džemal Bijedić of Mostar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Džemal_Bijedić_of_Mostar), [University of Banja Luka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Banja_Luka), [University of Mostar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mostar), [University of East Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Sarajevo), [University of Tuzla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tuzla), [American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) and the [Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina).[472](../../472/ "tree and pragmatics") Also, Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to several private and international higher education institutions, some of which are:[473](../../473/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sarajevo School of Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_School_of_Science_and_Technology)[474](../../474/ "tree and pragmatics") - [International University of Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_University_of_Sarajevo)[475](../../475/ "tree and pragmatics") - [American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)[476](../../476/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sarajevo Graduate School of Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Graduate_School_of_Business)[477](../../477/ "tree and pragmatics") - [International Burch University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Burch_University)[478](../../478/ "tree and pragmatics") - [United World College in Mostar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_College_in_Mostar)[479](../../479/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Health Main article: [Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) According to the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Bosnia and Herzegovina has a low level of hunger, with a GHI score of less than 5.[\[260\]](../../page/7/#ref-260 "note 260")[480](../../480/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) ### Architecture Main article: [Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) The [architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) is largely influenced by four major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population.[481](../../481/ "tree and pragmatics") Each period made its influence felt and contributed to a greater diversity of cultures and architectural language in this region.[482](../../482/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Mass media in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Some television, magazines, and newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina are state-owned, and some are for-profit corporations funded by [advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising), [subscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_business_model), and other sales-related revenues.[483](../../483/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) guarantees [freedom of speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech).[484](../../484/ "tree and pragmatics") As a [country in transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_economy) with a post-war legacy and a [complex domestic political structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina), Bosnia and Herzegovina's media system is under transformation.[485](../../485/ "tree and pragmatics") In the early post-war period (1995–2005), media development was guided mainly by international donors and cooperation agencies, who invested to help reconstruct, diversify, democratize and professionalize media outlets.[\[261\]](../../page/7/#ref-261 "note 261")[\[262\]](../../page/7/#ref-262 "note 262")[486](../../486/ "tree and pragmatics") Post-war developments included the establishment of an independent Communication Regulatory Agency, the adoption of a Press Code, the establishment of the Press Council, the decriminalization of libel and defamation, the introduction of a rather advanced Freedom of Access to Information Law, and the creation of a Public Service Broadcasting System from the formerly state-owned broadcaster.[487](../../487/ "tree and pragmatics") Yet, internationally backed positive developments have been often obstructed by domestic elites, and the professionalisation of media and journalists has proceeded only slowly.[488](../../488/ "tree and pragmatics") High levels of partisanship and linkages between the media and the political systems hinder the adherence to professional code of conducts.[\[262\]](../../page/7/#ref-262 "note 262")[489](../../489/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich literature, including the [Nobel Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize) winner [Ivo Andrić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andrić) and poets such as [Antun Branko Šimić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Branko_Šimić), [Aleksa Šantić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksa_Šantić), [Jovan Dučić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Dučić) and [Mak Dizdar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Dizdar), writers such as [Zlatko Topčić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Topčić), [Meša Selimović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meša_Selimović), [Semezdin Mehmedinović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semezdin_Mehmedinović), [Miljenko Jergović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miljenko_Jergović), [Isak Samokovlija](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isak_Samokovlija), [Safvet-beg Bašagić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safvet-beg_Bašagić), [Abdulah Sidran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulah_Sidran), [Petar Kočić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Kočić), [Aleksandar Hemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Hemon), [Mehmed Begić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Begić) and [Nedžad Ibrišimović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedžad_Ibrišimović).[490](../../490/ "tree and pragmatics") The [National Theater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_National_Theatre) was founded in 1919 in [Sarajevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo) [corpus](../../../Sarajevo/ "in our corpus") and its first director was dramatist [Branislav Nušić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Nušić).[491](../../491/ "tree and pragmatics") Magazines such as [Novi Plamen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Plamen) or Sarajevske sveske are some of the more prominent publications covering cultural and literary themes.[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics") By the late 1950s, Ivo Andrić's works had been translated into a number of languages.[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1958, the [Association of Writers of Yugoslavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Writers_of_Yugoslavia) nominated Andrić as its first ever candidate for the [Nobel Prize in Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature)[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Art Main article: [Bosnian and Herzegovinan art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinan_art) The [art of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_art) was always evolving and ranged from the original medieval tombstones called [Stećci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stećak) to paintings in [Kotromanić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotromanić_dynasty) court.[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics") Twenty stećak necropolis sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina were added on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006.[\[263\]](../../page/7/#ref-263 "note 263")[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") However, only with the arrival of [Austro-Hungarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary) did the painting renaissance in Bosnia really begin to flourish.[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics") The first educated artists from European academies appeared with the beginning of the 20th century.[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") Among those are: [Gabrijel Jurkić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrijel_Jurkić), [Petar Šain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Šain), [Roman Petrović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Petrović) and [Lazar Drljača](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Drljača).[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") After [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), artists like [Mersad Berber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersad_Berber) and [Safet Zec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safet_Zec) rose in popularity.[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, [Ars Aevi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Aevi), a museum of contemporary art that includes works by renowned world artists, was founded in Sarajevo.[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) See also: [List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_patriotic_songs), [Bosnian root music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_root_music) Typical Bosnian songs are [ganga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_%28music%29), rera, and the traditional Slavic music for the folk dances such as [kolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo_%28dance%29), while from the Ottoman era the most popular is [Sevdalinka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevdalinka).[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics") Pop and Rock music has a tradition here as well, with the more famous musicians including [Dino Zonić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Zonić), [Goran Bregović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Bregović), [Davorin Popović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davorin_Popović), [Kemal Monteno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Monteno), [Zdravko Čolić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravko_Čolić), [Elvir Laković Laka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvir_Laković_Laka), [Edo Maajka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Maajka), [Hari Varešanović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Varešanović), [Dino Merlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Merlin), [Mladen Vojičić Tifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_Vojičić_Tifa), [Željko Bebek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Željko_Bebek), etc. Other composers such as [Đorđe Novković](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đorđe_Novković), [Al' Dino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27_Dino), [Haris Džinović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Džinović), [Kornelije Kovač](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornelije_Kovač), and many [rock and pop bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble#Rock_and_pop_bands), for example, [Bijelo Dugme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_Dugme), [Crvena jabuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_jabuka), [Divlje jagode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlje_jagode), [Indexi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexi), [Plavi orkestar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plavi_orkestar), [Zabranjeno Pušenje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabranjeno_Pušenje), [Ambasadori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambasadori), [Dubioza kolektiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubioza_kolektiv), who were among the leading ones in the former Yugoslavia.[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") Bosnia is home to the composer [Dušan Šestić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dušan_Šestić), the creator of the [National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) and father of singer [Marija Šestić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Šestić), to the jazz musician, educator and Bosnian jazz ambassador [Sinan Alimanović](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Alimanović), composer [Saša Lošić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saša_Lošić) and pianist [Saša Toperić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saša_Toperić).[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics") In the villages, especially in [Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina), Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats play the ancient [gusle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusle).[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") The gusle is used mainly to recite epic poems in a usually dramatic tone.[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/5/) **6** [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/5/) - next →: [page 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/page/7/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)