---
title: Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing… — Botswana · tree and pragmatics
description: Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country. Who acts: communal grazing. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Botswana» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Botswana, sentence 127

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From Wikipedia, [«Botswana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country.

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**Who acts:** communal grazing · **What happens:** use, be, accelerate · **To what, where:** major cause

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (communal grazing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Botswana:127
# text = Approximately 71% of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country.
1	Approximately	approximately	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
2	71	71	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	communal	communal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	grazing	grazing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
16	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
17	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	cop	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	major	major	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	desertification	desertification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
26	accelerating	accelerate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	28	amod	_	_
27	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	erosion	erosion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  | for communal grazing; approximately *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for grazing=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is a** | present · perfect | communal grazing | a major cause |  |  |  | of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion in the country | tree rules |
| 3 | **accelerate** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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