---
title: These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as… — Botswana · tree and pragmatics
description: These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Botswana» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Botswana, sentence 29

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From Wikipedia, [«Botswana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state.

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**What happens:** connect · **To what, where:** proto Kalanga, Zimbabwe

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Botswana:29
# text = These proto-Kalanga were closely connected to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	4	det	_	_
2	proto	proto	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	Kalanga	Kalanga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
6	closely	closely	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	connected	connect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	states	state	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	18	cc	_	_
13	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	12	fixed	_	_
14	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Mapungubwe	Mapungubwe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **connect** | past · passive |  | this proto Kalanga |  | Zimbabwe |  | to states; the Mapungubwe state *conj*; closely *property* | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to state=Co-Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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