---
title: The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation… — Botswana · tree and pragmatics
description: The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016. Who acts: National Policy, target. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Botswana» with its dep
---

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# Botswana, sentence 343

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From Wikipedia, [«Botswana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016.

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**Who acts:** National Policy, target · **What happens:** set, raise · **To what, where:** target, gross domestic expenditure, research

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (National Policy, target), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Botswana:343
# text = The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	National	National	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Policy	policy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Research	research	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	Science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	Technology	technology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	Innovation	Innovation	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	2011	2011	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
15	sets	set	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	target	target	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
19	raising	raise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	_
20	gross	gross	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	domestic	domestic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	expenditure	expenditure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
23	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	research	research	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	development	development	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
27	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	R	r	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	&	&	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	D	D	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	28	punct	_	_
32	from	from	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	0.26	0.26	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	34	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	GDP	GDP	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	_
37	in	in	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	2012	2012	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	34	nmod	_	_
39	to	to	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
40	over	over	ADV	RB	_	41	advmod	_	_
41	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	42	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
43	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
44	GDP	GDP	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	nmod	_	_
45	by	by	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	2016	2016	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	42	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set** | present | the National Policy on Research and Science and Technology and Innovation | the target |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient target=Result |
| 2 | **raise** | gerund | the target *not said here* | gross domestic expenditure and development |  | research |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent expenditure=Theme from %=Destination to %=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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