---
title: Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading Bakololo i… — Botswana · tree and pragmatics
description: Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked, weakened and impoverished. Who acts: time. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Botswana» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Botswana, sentence 53

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From Wikipedia, [«Botswana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked, weakened and impoverished.

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**Who acts:** time · **What happens:** be, defeat, invade, attack, weaken, impoverish · **To what, where:** invading Bakololo, 1826, major chiefdoms

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (time), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Botswana:53
# text = Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the invading Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in Botswana were attacked, weakened and impoverished.
1	Although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Bangwaketse	Bangwaketse	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	defeat	defeat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	invading	invade	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	Bakololo	Bakololo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	1826	1826	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	over	over	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
16	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	19	det:predet	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	major	major	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	chiefdoms	chiefdom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Botswana	Botswana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
22	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	attacked	attack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	weakened	weaken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	conj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	impoverished	impoverish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | although the Bangwaketse; able *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **defeat** | to-infinitive |  | the invading Bakololo |  | 1826 | time |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **invade** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **attack** | past · passive | time *not said here* | all major chiefdoms in Botswana |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 5 | **weaken** | participle | time *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **impoverish** | participle | time *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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