---
title: The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to contro… — Botswana · tree and pragmatics
description: The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade and used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. Who acts: Bakwena. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Botswana» with its dependency tree
---

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# Botswana, sentence 57

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From Wikipedia, [«Botswana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade and used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana.

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**Who acts:** Bakwena · **What happens:** cooperate, control, use, proceed, import, enable · **To what, where:** lucrative ivory trade, horses, turn, control, Botswana

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Botswana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bakwena), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Botswana:57
# text = The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control the lucrative ivory trade and used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Bakwena	Bakwena	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	Bangwaketse	Bangwaketse	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	Bangwato	Bangwato	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	Batawana	Batawana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
9	cooperated	cooperate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	parataxis	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	control	control	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	lucrative	lucrative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	ivory	ivory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	proceeds	proceed	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	parataxis	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	import	import	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	xcomp	_	_
22	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	guns	gun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	29	obj	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	turn	turn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
29	enabled	enable	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
30	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obj	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	establish	establish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	advcl	_	_
33	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
34	over	over	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	33	nmod	_	_
36	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	38	cop	_	_
37	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	38	advmod	_	_
38	Botswana	Botswana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cooperate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **control** | to-infinitive |  | the lucrative ivory trade |  |  |  |  | vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trade=Theme |
| 3 | **use** | past | the Bakwena and Bangwaketse and Bangwato and Batawana |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **proceed** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 5 | **import** | to-infinitive |  | horses and guns |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Theme |
| 6 | **enable** | past |  | horses and guns |  | turn |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **establish** | to-infinitive |  | control |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent control=Patient |
| 8 | **is a** | present |  | Botswana |  |  | now |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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