--- title: Botswana — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 4 description: Wikipedia's «Botswana», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Botswana # Botswana · page 4 From Wikipedia, [«Botswana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/3/) **4** With a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission programme, Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% in 2003 to 4% in 2010.[289](../../289/ "tree and pragmatics") Under the leadership of [Festus Mogae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festus_Mogae), the government of Botswana solicited outside help in curing people with HIV/AIDS and received early support from the [Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation) and the Merck Foundation, which together formed the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP).[290](../../290/ "tree and pragmatics") Other early partners include the [Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana–Harvard_AIDS_Institute) of the [Harvard School of Public Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health) and the Botswana–UPenn Partnership of the [University of Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania).[291](../../291/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment—defined as 80% coverage or greater—has been achieved in Botswana.[\[167\]](../../page/4/#ref-167 "note 167")[292](../../292/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana) Botswana's music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments.[293](../../293/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana folk music has instruments such as setinkane (a sort of miniature piano), segankure/segaba (a Motswana version of the Chinese instrument [erhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhu)), moropa (meropa for plural) and phala (a whistle used mostly during celebrations).[294](../../294/ "tree and pragmatics") The hands are sometimes used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men) to create music and rhythm.[295](../../295/ "tree and pragmatics") The national anthem is "[Fatshe leno la rona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatshe_leno_la_rona)", which was written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete; it was adopted upon independence in 1966.[\[168\]](../../page/4/#ref-168 "note 168")[\[169\]](../../page/4/#ref-169 "note 169")[\[170\]](../../page/4/#ref-170 "note 170")[296](../../296/ "tree and pragmatics") In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and [Gumare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumare) are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from [mokola palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphaene_petersiana) and local [dyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye).[297](../../297/ "tree and pragmatics") The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage; large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain; and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain.[298](../../298/ "tree and pragmatics") These baskets steadily use colour.[\[171\]](../../page/4/#ref-171 "note 171")[299](../../299/ "tree and pragmatics") The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (Kung San/Bushmen) over 20,000 years ago within the [Kalahari Desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert).[\[172\]](../../page/4/#ref-172 "note 172")[300](../../300/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine The national dish is [seswaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seswaa), pounded meat made from goat meat or beef, or [Segwapa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltong) dried, cured meat ranging from beef to game meats, either fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain.[301](../../301/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana's cuisine shares some characteristics with other cuisine of southern Africa.[\[173\]](../../page/4/#ref-173 "note 173")[302](../../302/ "tree and pragmatics") Examples of Botswana food are: [bogobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogobe), [pap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugali) (maize porridge), [boerewors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerewors), [samp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samp), [Magwinya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetkoek) and [mopane worms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopane_worms).[303](../../303/ "tree and pragmatics") Bogobe is made by putting sorghum, maize or millet flour into boiling water, stirring it into a soft paste, and cooking it slowly.[304](../../304/ "tree and pragmatics") A dish called ting is made when milk and sugar is added to fermented sorghum or maize.[305](../../305/ "tree and pragmatics") Ting without the milk and sugar is sometimes eaten with meat or vegetables for lunch or dinner.[306](../../306/ "tree and pragmatics") Another way of making bogobe is to add sour milk and a cooking melon (lerotse).[307](../../307/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kalanga tribe calls this dish tophi.[308](../../308/ "tree and pragmatics") Madila is a traditional fermented milk product similar to [yogurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt) or [sour cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_cream).[\[174\]](../../page/4/#ref-174 "note 174")[309](../../309/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) is the most popular sport in Botswana.[310](../../310/ "tree and pragmatics") Qualifying for the [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations) and [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Africa_Cup_of_Nations) [Africa Cup of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations) are the [national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_national_football_team)'s highest achievement to date.[311](../../311/ "tree and pragmatics") Other popular sports are softball, [cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket), tennis, [rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football), badminton, [handball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball), golf and track and field.[\[175\]](../../page/4/#ref-175 "note 175")[\[176\]](../../page/4/#ref-176 "note 176")[312](../../312/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana is an associate member of the [International Cricket Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council).[313](../../313/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana became a member of the [International Badminton Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Badminton_Federation) and [Africa Badminton Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Badminton_Federation) in 1991.[314](../../314/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Botswana Golf Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Botswana#Golf) has an amateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments and championships.[315](../../315/ "tree and pragmatics") Runner [Nijel Amos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijel_Amos) won Botswana its first [Olympic medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medal) in 2012, taking [silver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal) in the [800 metres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men%27s_800_metres).[316](../../316/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2011, [Amantle Montsho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantle_Montsho) became [world champion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women%27s_400_metres) in the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal at the world level.[317](../../317/ "tree and pragmatics") High jumper [Kabelo Kgosiemang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelo_Kgosiemang) is a three-time [African champion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Championships_in_Athletics).[318](../../318/ "tree and pragmatics") [Isaac Makwala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Makwala) is a sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres who was the gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games in 2018.[319](../../319/ "tree and pragmatics") [Baboloki Thebe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baboloki_Thebe) was a silver medalist in the 200 metres at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and reached the semi-finals at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics.[320](../../320/ "tree and pragmatics") Ross Branch Ross, a motor-biker, holds the number one place in the South African Cross Country Championship and has competed at the Dakar Rally.[321](../../321/ "tree and pragmatics") [Letsile Tebogo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsile_Tebogo) set the [world junior record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_under-20_records_in_athletics) in the [100 metres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres) with a time of 9.94 at the [2022 World Athletics Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships),[\[177\]](../../page/4/#ref-177 "note 177") and, as of 2024, holds the 100-metre and 300-metre world's third-best time of 30.69 seconds.[\[178\]](../../page/4/#ref-178 "note 178")[322](../../322/ "tree and pragmatics") On 7 August 2021, Botswana won the bronze medal in the Men's [4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_×_400_metres_relay_at_the_Olympics) in Tokyo.[323](../../323/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana was the first African nation to host the [Netball World Youth Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Netball_World_Youth_Cup).[\[179\]](../../page/4/#ref-179 "note 179")[\[180\]](../../page/4/#ref-180 "note 180")[324](../../324/ "tree and pragmatics") On 8 August 2024, [Letsile Tebogo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsile_Tebogo) won Botswana's first-ever Olympic gold medal at the [2024 Paris Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Paris_Olympics) after finishing in first place in the [men's 200m final](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_–_Men%27s_200_metres), finishing with a time of 19.46 seconds.[\[181\]](../../page/4/#ref-181 "note 181")[325](../../325/ "tree and pragmatics") The card game [bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge) has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana around 40 years ago, and it grew in popularity during the 1980s.[326](../../326/ "tree and pragmatics") Many British expatriate school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana's secondary schools.[327](../../327/ "tree and pragmatics") The Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988.[328](../../328/ "tree and pragmatics") Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members.[\[182\]](../../page/4/#ref-182 "note 182")[329](../../329/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, the BBF invited the [English Bridge Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bridge_Union) to host a week-long teaching programme in May 2008.[\[183\]](../../page/4/#ref-183 "note 183")[330](../../330/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Education See also: [Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology (Botswana)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Tertiary_Education,_Research,_Science_and_Technology_%28Botswana%29) Main article: [Education in Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Botswana) Main article: [Culture of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana) Botswana has made educational progress since independence in 1966 when there were only 22 university graduates in the country[\[184\]](../../page/4/#ref-184 "note 184") and only a very small percentage of the population attended secondary school.[331](../../331/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana increased its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.[\[185\]](../../page/4/#ref-185 "note 185")[332](../../332/ "tree and pragmatics") Among sub-Saharan African countries, Botswana has one of the highest literacy rates.[\[186\]](../../page/4/#ref-186 "note 186")[333](../../333/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2024, 88.5% of the population aged 15 and over could read and write and were respectively literate.[\[186\]](../../page/4/#ref-186 "note 186")[334](../../334/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Botswana Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Ministry_of_Education)[\[187\]](../../page/4/#ref-187 "note 187") is working to establish libraries in primary schools in partnership with the [African Library Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Library_Project).[\[188\]](../../page/4/#ref-188 "note 188")[335](../../335/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Government of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Botswana) hopes that investing a large part of national income in education will make the country less dependent on diamonds for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers.[\[189\]](../../page/4/#ref-189 "note 189")[336](../../336/ "tree and pragmatics") NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training) introduced policies in favour of vocational education.[\[189\]](../../page/4/#ref-189 "note 189")[337](../../337/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in education.[\[185\]](../../page/4/#ref-185 "note 185")[338](../../338/ "tree and pragmatics") In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education,[\[190\]](../../page/4/#ref-190 "note 190") though the government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the [University of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Botswana) or, if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, they are provided with a full scholarship to study abroad.[\[191\]](../../page/4/#ref-191 "note 191")[339](../../339/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Science and technology Main article: [Science and technology in Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Botswana) In 2015, Botswana planned to use science and technology to diversify its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining.[\[192\]](../../page/4/#ref-192 "note 192")[340](../../340/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Science and Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID).[341](../../341/ "tree and pragmatics") This policy was formulated in strategic documents that include Botswana's Tenth National Development Plan for 2016 and Vision 2016.[\[192\]](../../page/4/#ref-192 "note 192")[342](../../342/ "tree and pragmatics") The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on [research and development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development) (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016.[343](../../343/ "tree and pragmatics") This target can only be reached within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.[\[192\]](../../page/4/#ref-192 "note 192") Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants (in head counts), compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the subcontinent in 2013.[\[192\]](../../page/4/#ref-192 "note 192")[344](../../344/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana was ranked 87th in the [Global Innovation Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) in 2025.[\[193\]](../../page/4/#ref-193 "note 193")[\[194\]](../../page/4/#ref-194 "note 194")[345](../../345/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Deaftronics In 2009, Botswana-based company Deaftronics launched a solar-powered hearing aid after six years of prototype development.[346](../../346/ "tree and pragmatics") Since then, Deaftronics has sold over 10,000 of the hearing aids.[347](../../347/ "tree and pragmatics") Priced at $200 per unit, each hearing aid includes four [rechargeable batteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries) (lasting up to three years) and a [solar charger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_charger) for them.[348](../../348/ "tree and pragmatics") The product is inexpensive compared to many similar devices, which can start at around $600.[\[195\]](../../page/4/#ref-195 "note 195")[\[196\]](../../page/4/#ref-196 "note 196")[349](../../349/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Agriculture and livestock In 2011, Botswana's Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) unveiled Musi cattle, designed to optimise beef production.[350](../../350/ "tree and pragmatics") As a hybrid of the [Tswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_cattle), [Bonsmara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonsmara), [Brahman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brahman), [Tuli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli_cattle) and [Simmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmental_cattle) breeds,[\[197\]](../../page/4/#ref-197 "note 197") it is hoped that the composite will lead to increased beef production.[\[198\]](../../page/4/#ref-198 "note 198")[351](../../351/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2016, the Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) developed a rapid testing kit for [foot-and-mouth disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease) in collaboration with the Botswana Vaccine Institute and [Canadian Food Inspection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency).[352](../../352/ "tree and pragmatics") The kit developed in Botswana allows for on-site diagnosis.[\[199\]](../../page/4/#ref-199 "note 199")[353](../../353/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Astronomy The [Square Kilometre Array](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array) (SKA) ([MeerKAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeerKAT)) consists of thousands of dishes and antennas spread over large distances linked together to form one giant telescope.[354](../../354/ "tree and pragmatics") Additional dishes will be located in eight other African countries, Botswana among them.[355](../../355/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana was selected to participate because of its ideal location in the southern hemisphere and environment, which could enable easier data collection from the universe.[356](../../356/ "tree and pragmatics") The Botswana government has built the SKA precursor telescope at Kgale View, which is the African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN).[357](../../357/ "tree and pragmatics") It sent students on astronomy scholarships.[\[200\]](../../page/4/#ref-200 "note 200")[358](../../358/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Satellite technology and communications Botswana launched its three-year programme to build and launch a Satellite, Botswana Satellite Technology (Sat-1 Project) in Gaborone on 18 December 2020, which was launched using a SpaceX rocket on 15 March.[359](../../359/ "tree and pragmatics") [Botswana International University of Science and Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_International_University_of_Science_and_Technology) (BIUST) led satellite development, with technical support from other partners, and is a 3U hyperspectral Earth Observation satellite.[360](../../360/ "tree and pragmatics") The satellite is intended to provide data for environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management.[\[201\]](../../page/4/#ref-201 "note 201")[\[202\]](../../page/4/#ref-202 "note 202")[361](../../361/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2016, for the [IT sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_sector), Almaz opened a first-of-its-kind computer assembly company.[\[203\]](../../page/4/#ref-203 "note 203")[\[204\]](../../page/4/#ref-204 "note 204")[362](../../362/ "tree and pragmatics") Ditec, a Botswana company, also customises, designs and manufactures mobile phones.[363](../../363/ "tree and pragmatics") Ditec specialises in customising [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft)-powered devices.[\[205\]](../../page/4/#ref-205 "note 205")[364](../../364/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Virology On 19 November 2021, scientists at the Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) first discovered the [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19) Omicron variant, subsequently designated B.1.1.529, and then named "Omicron", becoming the first country in the world to discover the variant.[365](../../365/ "tree and pragmatics") Since early 2021, they have genome-sequenced some 2,300 positive SARS-CoV-2 virus samples.[366](../../366/ "tree and pragmatics") According to Dr. Gaseitsiwe, Botswana's genome sequence submissions to GISAID are among the highest in the African region on a per capita basis, on a par with its well-resourced neighbour South Africa.[367](../../367/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) was built in 2003, two years after the umbrella organisation opened the BHHRL, its purpose-built HIV research lab which was one of the first on the continent.[\[206\]](../../page/4/#ref-206 "note 206")[368](../../368/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Botswana) [List of Botswana-related topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Botswana-related_topics) ### Works cited - Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). "[369](../../369/ "tree and pragmatics") Botswana – A Modern Economic History".[370](../../370/ "tree and pragmatics") Palgrave Macmillan.[371](../../371/ "tree and pragmatics") - Leith, J. Clark (2005). "[372](../../372/ "tree and pragmatics") Why Botswana Prospered".[373](../../373/ "tree and pragmatics") McGill-Queen's University Press.[374](../../374/ "tree and pragmatics") - Benza, Brian (25 October 2019). "[375](../../375/ "tree and pragmatics") [Botswana's Masisi retains presidency as BDP wins election](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-election-idUSKBN1X40KS)".[376](../../376/ "tree and pragmatics") Reuters.[377](../../377/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dionne, Kim Yi (30 September 2016). "[378](../../378/ "tree and pragmatics") [How democratic is Botswana after 50 years of independence?](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/30/how-democratic-is-botswana-after-50-years-of-independence/)".[379](../../379/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post).[380](../../380/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading Charles, Thalefang (2016). *Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences*. Mmegi Publishing House. ISBN 9789996845413. Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (11 July 2001). "[An African Success Story: Botswana](https://economics.mit.edu/files/284)". Cohen, Dennis L (1979). "The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election". *Journal of Southern African Affairs*. Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. *The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income Distribution* (Oxford University Press, 1980) Cunningham, A.B.; Milton, S.J. (1987). "Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and dye plants in northwestern Botswana". *Economic Botany*. Denbow, James; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). "Culture and Customs of Botswana". Greenwood Press. Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. *Botswana: Politics and Society* (Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998) Good, Kenneth (1992). "Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana". *Journal of Modern African Studies*. Good, Kenneth (September 1994). "[Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example?](https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf)". *Journal of Modern African Studies*. LaRocco, Annette A. *Nature of Politics: State Building and the Conservation Estate in Postcolonial Botswana* (Ohio University Press, 2024) [Online review of this book.](http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=60890) Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. *History of Botswana* (Macmillan Botswana, 1984) ## External links [Botswana](https://web.archive.org/web/20260118201122/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/). *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). [Botswana](https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035549/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/botswana.htm) from [UCB Libraries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCB_Libraries) GovPubs [Botswana](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376) from the [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) [Key Development Forecasts for Botswana](http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BW) from [International Futures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) [Government Directory for Botswana](http://www.government.co.bw) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/3/) **4** ## References {#references} 1\. "[About Our Country](https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country)". *Gov.bw*. 2\. Including [Kgalagadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kgalagadi_people), [White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana) and [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Botswana). 3\. 2024. 4\. 2019. 5\. "[Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana](http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf)". *fao.org*. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2015. 6\. "[Statistics Botswana – Census 2022 – Population of cities, towns and villages](https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf)". 7\. "[World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Botswana)](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025)". [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). October 14, 2025. 8\. "[HDR23-24 Summary (Specifically IHDI)](https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.xlsx)". *UNDP*. 9\. United Nations. "[Specific country data](https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data)". United Nations. 10\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. 11\. "[Chapter: 01:04 Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))](http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399)". 20 July 1984. 12\. "[Botswana](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/botswana)". *[Collins English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary)*. [HarperCollins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins). 13\. /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ *bot-SWAH-nə*, /UKalsobʊtˈswɑːnə,\_bʊˈtʃwɑːnə/ *buut-SWAH-nə-,_-buu-CHWAH*;\[12\] **Land of the [Tswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_people)**. 14\. *Lefatshe la Botswana* lɪˈfatsʰɪ la bʊˈtswana. 15\. 2007. 16\. Monaka, Kemmonye Collete; Chebanne, Anderson Monthusi (2019). "[Setswana and the Building of a Nation State](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26907070)". *Anthropological Linguistics*. 17\. Bolaane, Maitseo; Mgadla, Part Themba (1997). "[Batswana](https://archive.org/details/batswana00bola)". The Rosen Publishing Group. 18\. "[Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa](http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/)". Voices of Africa. 17 August 2015. 19\. Pickford, Martin; Mein, Pierre; Senut, Brigitte (1 April 1994). "[Fossiliferous Neogene karst fillings in Angola, Botswana and Namibia](https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00382353_5386)". *South African Journal of Science*. 20\. Morton, Fred; Ramsay, Jeff; Mgadla, Part Themba (2008). "Historical dictionary of Botswana". the Scarecrow press. 21\. Chan, Eva KF; Timmermann, Axel; Baldi, Benedetta F.; Moore, Andy E.; Lyons, Ruth J.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Kalsbeek, Anton MF; Petersen, Desiree C.; Rautenbach, Hannes (28 October 2019). "[Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1714-1)". *[Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29)*. [Nature Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Research). 22\. "[Origin of modern humans 'traced to Botswana'](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50210701)". [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC). 28 October 2019. 23\. "[Ancestral homeland of modern humans in Botswana, study finds](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/29/ancestral-homeland-of-modern-humans-in-botswana-study-finds)". Al Jazeera. 24\. Staurset, S.; Coulson, S. (2014). "Sub-surface movement of stone artefacts at White Paintings Shelter, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana: Implications for the Middle Stone Age chronology of central southern Africa". *Journal of Human Evolution*. 25\. Wilmsen, Edwin N. (1992). "Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari". University of Chicago Press. 26\. Denbow, James (1986). "A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari". *The Journal of African History*. 27\. Denbow, James; Klehm, Carla; Dussubieux, Laure (April 2015). "[The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far hinterland of southern Africa](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/glass-beads-of-kaitshaa-and-early-indian-ocean-trade-into-the-far-interior-of-southern-africa/9BB659F4DA38A560EF64C4E8E3F49AFA)". *Antiquity*. 28\. "[Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement](https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/)". [UNESCO World Heritage Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre). 29\. Dichaba, Tsholofelo Sele (2009). "[From Monuments to Cultural Landscapes](https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9b50f2c1-a371-4c9b-9baa-0f80c353ecbf/content)". *Rethinking Heritage Management in Botswana*. [Rice University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University). 30\. "[Archaeological impact assessment for the Bosa transmission line project from Theisang substation to the Tlokweng border post in the South Eastern and Kgatleng districts of Botswana](https://www.eskom.co.za/eia/tx/wp-content/uploads/migrated/MahikengIsang/DEIR-Appendicies/Ann-G-Specialist-Reports-2/G_5a.%20AIA%20Botswana%20Component.pdf)". *[Eskom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskom).com*. Lentswe Archaeological Consultants. 2017. 31\. Magang, David (2008). "The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang". Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. 32\. Tlou, T. (1974). "The Nature of Batswana States: Towards a Theory of Batswana Traditional Government – The Batawana Case". *Botswana Notes and Records*. 33\. Morton, Fred. "[The Rise of a Raiding State: Makaba II's Ngwaketse, 1780–1824](https://www.academia.edu/11134264)". 34\. Morton, B. (1993). "Pre-1904 Population Estimates of the Tswana". *Botswana Notes and Records*. 35\. Morton, Barry (14 January 2009). "The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880". *South African Historical Journal*. 36\. Morton, Barry (1997). "The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880". *South African Historical Journal*. 37\. Magang, David (2008). "The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang". Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. 38\. Ramsay, J. (1991). "The Botswana-Boer War of 1852–53: How the Batswana Achieved Victory". *Botswana Notes and Records*. 39\. Ramsay, Jeff. "[The Guns of Khutiyabasadi (II)](http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=72905&dir=2017/november/06)". *[Mmegi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmegi)*. 40\. Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). "The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom". James Currey. 41\. Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. "[The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966](https://www.academia.edu/15645705)". 42\. "Warren informed Chiefs Bathoen of Bangwaketse, Khama of Bangwato and Sebele of Bakwena about the protection in May 1885 (Mogalakwe, 2006)." (from T.E. Malebeswa (2020): *Tribal Territories Act, indirect rule, chiefs and subjects*) 43\. Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. "[The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966](https://www.academia.edu/15645705)". 44\. Parsons, Neil (3 February 1998). "King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes". University of Chicago Press. 45\. Hayes, Frank (1980). "South Africa's Departure from the Commonwealth, 1960–1961". *The International History Review*. 46\. "[Botswana: Late British colonialism (1945–1966)](http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/botoverview4.htm)". *eisa.org*. 47\. "[Botswana](https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/Africa/botswana.html)". *clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov*. 48\. "[U.K.: Bechuanaland independence conference opens in London 1966](https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA1T4XABSD8UKW27D8CE76D4K2H-UK-BECHUANALAND-INDEPENDENCE-CONFERENCE-OPENS-IN-LONDON/query/Bechuanaland)". *British Pathé historical collection*. 49\. "[Fireworks at Midnight](http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/fireworksatmidnight.htm)". *Britishempire.co.uk*. 50\. Rotberg, Robert I. (3 March 2023). "[Overcoming the Oppressors](https://academic.oup.com/book/45388/chapter/389337356)". Oxford University PressNew York. 51\. Zuber, David (4 April 2022). "[Seretse Khama (1921–1980) •](https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/seretse-khama-1921-1980/)". 52\. "[Botswana country profile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13040376)". *BBC News*. 3 April 2018. 53\. "[Namibia General Information](http://www.southern-eagle.com/namibia/namgeninfo.html)". Southern-eagle.com. 21 March 1990. 54\. Muia, Wycliffe; Zane, Damian (1 November 2024). "[Botswana ruling party rejected after 58 years in power](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c238n5zr51yo)". *BBC News*. 55\. Okachi, George (4 November 2024). "[Why is Botswana's peaceful power transfer being ignored?](https://www.dw.com/en/world-headlines-ignore-botswanas-peaceful-power-transition/video-70686382)". Deutsche Welle. 56\. "[Botswana declares national public health emergency](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78zg67x38zo)". *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News)*. 2025-08-26. 57\. "[A25DX – A25RJ Botswana – News – Information](https://dxnews.com/a25rj_botswana/)". *dxnews.com*. 58\. "[Botswana Safari Vacation Packages 2025/2026 \| Goway Travel](https://www.goway.com/destinations/africa/botswana)". *www.goway.com*. 59\. "[Where is Botswana?](https://www.botswana.co.za/Botswana_Regional_Info-travel/where-is-botswana.html)". *botswana.co.za*. 60\. "[Botswana](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/#geography)". *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency. 22 May 2024. 61\. "[Botswana Country Profile – National Geographic Kids](https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/botswana)". *Geography*. 20 March 2014. 62\. "[Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin](https://www.fao.org/4/y5744e/y5744e07.htm)". *fao.org*. 63\. "[WUC](https://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=139)". *wuc.bw*. 64\. "[Crossing a River Where Four Countries Meet](http://2summers.net/2013/07/01/crossing-a-river-where-four-countries-meet/)". *2Summers*. 1 July 2013. 65\. "[Botswana \| African Wildlife Foundation](https://www.awf.org/country/botswana)". *www.awf.org*. 66\. "[African wild dog \| Canids](https://www.canids.org/species/view/African-wild-dog)". *www.canids.org*. 67\. Moseley, William G.. "[Too many elephants in African parks?](https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/4/21/too-many-elephants-in-african-parks)". Al Jazeera. 68\. "[Five countries work toward a common goal in southern Africa \| Magazine Articles \| WWF](https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/spring-2016/articles/five-countries-work-toward-a-common-goal-in-southern-africa)". *World Wildlife Fund*. 69\. "[Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194](https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 70\. "[Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Botswana](https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BWA/home/overview)". *Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations*. 71\. Bunge, Bianca (31 May 2021). "[Top 10 Tourist Attractions In Botswana](https://secretafrica.com/top-10-tourist-attractions-in-botswana/)". *Secret Africa*. 72\. "[Central Botswana \| Botswana Safari](https://www.itravelto.com/place/Central-Botswana.html)". *www.itravelto.com*. 73\. Darkoh, Michael. "[Desertification in Botswana](http://www.rala.is/rade/ralareport/darkoh.pdf)". Rala. 74\. "[Botswana](https://www.comptonherald.org/joa-botswana)". *Compton Herald*. 75\. "[Botswana, US sign 'Debt-for-Nature' agreement](http://www.afrol.com/articles/21794)". Afrol. 76\. Mogotsi, Kebadire; Kanego, Arabang; Sebele, Neelo; Kgaswane, Medi; Gabaitse, H.. "[New opportunities for combating desertification in Botswana: Women in action for sustainable land and natural resources management](http://www.unccd.int/iydd/documents/NOTCDIB.pdf)". UNCCD. 77\. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". *Nature Communications*. 78\. "[Botswana villages fighting desertification](http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090)". Afrol. 79\. Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). "[The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana](https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655)". *The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs*. 80\. Sebudubudu, David; Bodilenyane, Keratilwe; Kwerepe, Phana (2016). "[The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana](https://www.jstor.org/stable/45342124)". *The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs*. 81\. "[Botswana](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/#government)". *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency. 25 September 2023. 82\. Mooketsane, K.; Bodilenyane, K.; Motshekgwa, B. (2017). "[Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy?](https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-6a061f80d)". *African Journal of Public Affairs*. 83\. Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). "[Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons](https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.928945225837497)". *Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance*. 84\. Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). "[How many bicameral legislatures are there?](https://doi.org/10.1080/1357233042000322436)". *The Journal of Legislative Studies*. 85\. Botlhale, Emmanuel; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2013). "[The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana](https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373)". *Botswana Notes and Records*. 86\. Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). "[The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10602-006-0002-x)". *Constitutional Political Economy*. 87\. Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). "Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty". *Journal of Contemporary African Studies*. 88\. "[The Hierarchy of the Courts](http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Administration-of-Justice-AOJ/About-AOJ1/The-Hierarchy-of-the-Courts/)". *Government of Botswana*. 89\. Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). "[An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections](https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2015.1021210)". *Journal of Contemporary African Studies*. 90\. Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). "[Political Parties in Botswana](https://www.africaportal.org/publications/political-parties-in-botswana/)". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. 91\. Hillbom, Bolt 2018, p. 74. 92\. Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). "[The management of elections: the case of Botswana](https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC88240)". *Politeia*. 93\. "[Botswana opposition groups unite to challenge ruling BDP](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN15I2JN)". *Reuters*. 3 February 2017. 94\. "[Botswana election: Duma Boko – the politician who did the unthinkable](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yx5nk1l0o)". BBC. November 2024. 95\. Leith 2005, p. 58. 96\. Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). "[President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King](https://www.jstor.org/stable/90026925)". *Botswana Notes and Records*. 97\. Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). "[The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824)". *Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies*. 98\. Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). "[Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000202062100069X/type/journal_article)". *African Studies Review*. 99\. "[Democracy Index 2023](https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/)". *Economist Intelligence Unit*. 100\. "[V-Dem Democracy Index](https://www.v-dem.net/documents/44/v-dem_dr2024_highres.pdf)". *V-Dem*. 101\. "[V-Dem Democracy Index](https://www.v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf)". *V-Dem*. 102\. "[2023 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the results](https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023)". *Transparency.org*. 30 January 2024. 103\. "[Member countries](https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries)". *Commonwealth*. 104\. Parks, Michael (20 May 1986). "[S. Africa Raids 3 Nearby Nations : Attacks Rebel Bases in Capitals of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Botswana](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-20-mn-6620-story.html)". *Los Angeles Times*. 105\. "[History of the BDF](http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-Defence-Force-BDF/About-the-BDF1/History-of-the-BDF/)". *gov.bw*. 25 August 2011. 106\. "[Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en)". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 107\. U.S. Army Africa Public Affairs; Daniel, Spc. Tynisha; March, Meredith; Sampson, Sgt. Karen (15 January 2017). "[Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe](http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe)". *africom.mil*. 108\. "[2024 Global Peace Index](https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf)". 109\. "[Ditshwanelo](http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/)". *ditshwanelo.org.bw*. 16 January 2018. 110\. Fox, Kara. "[Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa](https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/africa/botswana-lgbtq-ruling-intl/index.html)". CNN. 111\. Tshosa, Onkemetse (25 May 2021). "[THE DEATH PENALTY IN BOTSWANA IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE FOR ABOLITION](https://www.biicl.org/files/2216_tshosa_death_penalty_botswana.pdf)". 112\. Crocker, Angela Diane; Pete, Stephen Allister (1 January 2007). "[Letting go of the lash : the extraordinary tenacity and prolonged decline of judicial corporal punishment in Britain and its former colonies in Africa : part 2](https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC85246)". *Obiter*. 113\. "[Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867)". *BBC News*. 7 January 2014. 114\. "[Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right](https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/08/botswana-minorities-need-boost-education-and-health-care-says-un-expert#:~:text=GENEVA%20%2F%20GABORONE%20%2824%20August%202018,on%20Minorities%2C%20Fernand%20de%20Varennes.)". United Nations. 115\. "[Districts of Botswana](http://www.mlg.gov.bw/)". [Government of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Botswana). 116\. "[Local Authorities](https://www.gov.bw/local-authorities-view)". [Government of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Botswana). 117\. "[Botswana Data Portal](https://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/)". [Statistics Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Botswana). 2022. 118\. "[Population and Housing Census 2022: Population of cities, towns, and villages](https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf)". [Statistics Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Botswana). 2022. 119\. Masolotate, Bonang (16 September 2022). "[Sub-districts upgrade costs over P60m](https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/69187)". *[Daily News Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_Botswana)*. [Government of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Botswana). 120\. "[Botswana](https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1830.htm#econ)". *U.S. Department of State*. 20 January 2009. 121\. Maundeni, Zibani; Mpabanga, Dorothy; Mfundisi, Adam (1 January 2007). "[Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana](https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/)". *Africa Portal*. 122\. "[GDP per capita](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maddison-data-gdp-per-capita-in-2011us)". *Our World in Data*. 123\. Baten, Jörg (2016). "A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.". Cambridge University Press. 124\. Kästle, Klaus (24 July 2009). "[GNI PPP table](http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm)". Nationsonline.org. 125\. "[Labour Statistics \| Botswana Labour Market Observatory](https://www.botswanalmo.org.bw/labour_statistics)". *www.botswanalmo.org.bw*. 126\. "[Botswana – youth unemployment rate 2004–2023](https://www.statista.com/statistics/811692/youth-unemployment-rate-in-botswana/)". *Statista*. 127\. "[Multidimensional Poverty Index Botswana](https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/BWA.pdf)". *United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports*. 2023. 128\. "[Botswana ranked Africa's leader in economic freedom](http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=99&dir=2007/September/Thursday6/)". mmegi.bw. 19 May 2017. 129\. Mugoti, Godfrey (2009). "Africa (a-z).". Lulu Com. 130\. "[The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score](http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc)". The International Property Rights Index. 131\. "[Department of Mines](http://www.mines.gov.bw/)". 20 July 2007. 132\. "[The Government of Botswana – Home](http://www.gov.bw/)". 9 February 2008. 133\. Nocera, Joe (8 August 2008). "[Diamonds are Forever in Botswana](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/business/worldbusiness/09nocera.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 134\. "[Botswana Country Brief](http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/BOTSWANAEXTN/0,,menuPK:322821~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:322804,00.html)". World Bank. 135\. "[Letlhakane Overview](https://lotusresources.com.au/projects/letlhakane-overview/)". *Lotus Resources*. 136\. "[International Kimberlite Conference – Host Country – Botswana](http://www.11ikc.com/showcontent.aspx?MenuID=2013)". *11ikc.com*. 137\. "[Home \| Botswana Tourism Organisation](https://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/)". *www.botswanatourism.co.bw*. 138\. "[Botswana Golf Union (BGU)](http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/)". *botswanagolfunion.org.bw*. 20 September 2011. 139\. "[World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana](https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159)". UNESCO. 140\. "[About Our Country § Transport](https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country)". [Government of Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Botswana). 141\. "[Ministry of Transport and Communications](http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions/)". 142\. "[Botswana Railways](http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile)". 143\. "[Unusual Tourism ministry solar power plant tender raises eyebrows](http://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows)". *Sunday Standard*. 3 December 2017. 144\. "[Botswana – energy sector overview](http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/)". *mmegi.bw*. 22 June 2012.. 145\. 10 May 2022. 146\. "[Botswana U-PENN Partnership](https://www.med.upenn.edu/radiationoncologymedicalresidency/assets/user-content/documents/Botwana%20Handbook.pdf)". 147\. "[Zimbabwe diaspora in Botswana commends GoZ engagement efforts, acknowledges IOM support](https://zimbabwe.iom.int/news/zimbabwe-diaspora-botswana-commends-goz-engagement-efforts-acknowledges-iom-support#:~:text=Due%20to%20its%20proximity%20to,financial%20services%20among%20other%20sectors.)". *IOM Zimbabwe*. 148\. "[African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html)". *National Geographic*. 9 September 2004. 149\. "[Visit Central Kalahari Game Reserve In Botswana](https://kubwafive-safaris.com/visit-central-kalahari-game-reserve-in-botswana/)". *Kubwa Five Safaris*. 150\. Anaya, James (2 June 2010). "[Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana](http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf)". United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2. 151\. "[Culture and Traditions of Botswana](https://www.botswana.co.za/Cultural_Issues-travel/cultural-people-botswana.html)". 152\. "[South African History Online](https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/tswana)". 153\. "[What Languages Are Spoken In Botswana?](https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-botswana.html)". *World Atlas*. August 2017. 154\. (no text) 155\. "[Health and nutrition](https://www.unicef.org/botswana/health-and-nutrition)". *unicef.org*. 156\. "[Africa :: Botswana — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/)". Central Intelligence Agency. 157\. "[Ministry of Health](http://www.moh.gov.bw/)". 158\. "[World Bank Botswana Data](http://data.worldbank.org/country/botswana)". 159\. "[Cancer Association of Botswana](http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana)". Union for International Cancer Control. 160\. "[Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank](https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html)". *Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels*. 161\. Kallings, LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". *J Intern Med*. 162\. "[The Gap Report](http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf)". UN AIDS. 2014. 163\. Rollnick, Roman (September 2002). "[Botswana's high-stakes assault on AIDS](https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2002/botswanas-high-stakes-assault-aids)". *[Africa Renewal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Renewal)*. United Nations. 164\. Powell, Alvin (16 April 2009). "[Mogae shifts stress to HIV prevention](https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/mogae-shifts-stress-to-hiv-prevention/)". *[Harvard Gazette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Gazette)*. [Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University). 165\. "[Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission](https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana)". UN AIDS. 2021. 166\. "[Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control](https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/who-we-are/success-stories/success-story-pages/partnership-for-success.html)". [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention). 30 September 2022. 167\. "[World AIDS Day Report](http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf)". UNAIDS. 2011. 168\. Makgala, Christian John (3 July 2014). "Neil Parsons, National Coat of Arms, and Introduction of the Pula Currency in Botswana, 1975–1976". *South African Historical Journal*. 169\. "[Welcome to Daily News .:. General - Birth of nation](https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/31255)". *dailynews.gov.bw*. 170\. "[Botswana Music](https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-music.html)". *KnowBotswana*. 171\. Cunningham, Milton 1987. 172\. "[An Introduction to Bushman Rock Art](http://www.visionaryartexhibition.com/4/post/2017/05/an-introduction-to-bushman-rock-art.html)". *VISIONARY ART EXHIBITION*. 173\. "[The Food of Botswana – Traditional Botswana Cuisine](https://www.botswana.co.za/Cultural_Issues-travel/food-of-botswana.html)". *botswana.co.za*. 174\. Ohenhen, Regina; Imarenezor, E.P.K; Kihuha, A.N.. "[Microbiome of madila – a southern-african fermented milk product](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315493533)". *International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences*. 175\. "[Sparks to fly at Diamond](http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060126)". Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). 26 January 2006. 176\. "[Opinion the Academic World](http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20040813)". Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). 177\. Ramsay, George (4 October 2022). "[Teenage sprinter Letsile Tebogo wants to be remembered as an athletics great](https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/04/sport/letsile-tebogo-interview-athletics-spt-intl/index.html)". *CNN*. 178\. "[Letsile TEBOGO \| Profile \| World Athletics](https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/letsile-tebogo-14883897)". *worldathletics.org*. 179\. "[Botswana ready to host Netball World Youth Cup – Xinhua \| English.news.cn](http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/23/c_136387328.htm)". *big5.news.cn*. 180\. "[Netball World Youth Cup Gaborone 2017 \| NWYC2017](https://www.nwyc2017.com/content/netball-world-youth-cup-gaborone-2017)". 22 July 2019. 181\. "[Letsile Tebogo stuns American trio for 200m Olympic gold in Paris \| NBC Olympics](https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/letsile-tebogo-stuns-american-trio-200m-olympic-gold-paris)". *www.nbcolympics.com*. 182\. "[Botswana Bridge Federation](http://www.bnsc.co.bw/affiliates/bridge_federation.htm)". Botswana National Sports Council. 183\. "[English Bridge Union](http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm)". English Bridge Union. 184\. Dionne 2016. 185\. "[UNESCO Institute for Statistics](http://stats.uis.unesco.org)". UNESCO. 186\. "[Literacy – The World Factbook](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/)". Central Intelligence Agency. 187\. "[Ministry of Education and Skills Development: Home](http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php?id=10)". Moe.gov.bw. 27 July 2011. 188\. "[Library Partner – Botswana Ministry of Education](http://www.africanlibraryproject.org/about-us/our-partners/139-library-partner-botswana-ministry-of-education)". Africanlibraryproject.org. 189\. "[UNESCO-UNEVOC's Botswana profile](http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/worldtvetdatabase1.php?ct=BWA)". UNESCO. 190\. "[Botswana brings back school fees](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4601360.stm)". *BBC News*. 11 January 2006. 191\. "[Scholarship Funding to Study in Botswana](https://www.collegescholarships.org/scholarships/country/botswana.htm)". *collegescholarships.org*. 192\. "[UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030](http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf)". UNESCO. 2015. 193\. "[GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025](https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/botswana)". *WIPO*. 194\. Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). "[Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads](https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html)". [World Intellectual Property Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization). 195\. "[Botswana's hearing aid pioneers are betting on solar power to go global](https://qz.com/africa/443630/botswanas-hearing-aid-pioneers-are-betting-on-solar-power-to-go-global/)". *Quartz Africa*. 6 July 2015. 196\. "[Solar Powered Hearing Aids, Botswana](https://www.deutschland.de/en/solar-powered-hearing-aids-botswana)". *deutschland.de*. 2 June 2017. 197\. Kgathileng, Tebogo (27 July 2015). "[Dept pleads for marketing of Musi](https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/21751)". *Botswana Daily News*. 198\. "[Hardy breed named Musi at unveiling](http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011%2FSeptember%2FThursday8%2F)". *mmegi.bw*. 6 August 2007. 199\. "[BITRI Develops Rapid Foot and Mouth Disease Test Kit](http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html)". *rapidmicromethods.com*. 20 December 2016. 200\. "[Botswana takes part in revolutionary mission](https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/10829)". 201\. "[Satellite technology development giant leap](https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/60276)". *Botswana Daily News*. 20 December 2020. 202\. Africa, Space in (23 December 2020). "[Botswana Launches National Space Program](https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/)". 203\. "[Botswana opens first tech assembly plant](http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant)". *itwebafrica.com*. 204\. "[Almaz enters Botswana ICT sector](http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html)". *The Patriot*. 205\. "[Youth Company Shines With Their Locally Made Ditec Pioneer Phone](http://www.botswanayouth.com/youth-company-shines-with-their-locally-made-ditec-pioneer-phone/)". *botswanayouth.com*. 5 August 2016. 206\. Flood, Zoe (14 December 2021). "[Inside the Botswana lab that discovered Omicron](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron)". Al Jazeera. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/3/) **4** - ← previous: [page 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Botswana/page/3/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)