--- title: Brazil — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Brazil», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Brazil # Brazil · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Brazil»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/) … [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/page/6/) **7** Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies.[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors [Adolfo Celi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Celi), Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, renewed the Brazilian theater.[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") From the 1960s, it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues.[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") The most prominent authors at this stage were [Jorge Andrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Andrade_%28playwright%29) and [Ariano Suassuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariano_Suassuna).[\[490\]](../../page/7/#ref-490 "note 490")[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cinema Main article: [Cinema of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil) The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the [Belle Époque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Époque).[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as Rio the Magnificent were made in Rio de Janeiro to promote tourism in the city.[\[492\]](../../page/7/#ref-492 "note 492")[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") The films [Limite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limite) (1931) and [Ganga Bruta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_Bruta) (1933), the latter being produced by [Adhemar Gonzaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhemar_Gonzaga) through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.[\[493\]](../../page/7/#ref-493 "note 493")[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") The 1941 unfinished film [It's All True](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_True_%28film%29) was divided into four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by [Orson Welles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles); it was originally produced as part of the United States' [Good Neighbor Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy) during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo.[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") During the 1960s, the [Cinema Novo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Novo) movement rose to prominence with directors such as [Glauber Rocha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauber_Rocha), [Nelson Pereira dos Santos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos), [Paulo César Saraceni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_César_Saraceni) and [Arnaldo Jabor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_Jabor).[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") Glauber Rocha's films [Black God, White Devil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_God,_White_Devil) (1964) and [Entranced Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entranced_Earth) (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.[\[494\]](../../page/7/#ref-494 "note 494")[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") Rocha won the [Best Director Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Director_Award_%28Cannes_Film_Festival%29) at the [1969 Cannes Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Cannes_Film_Festival) for [Antonio das Mortes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_das_Mortes) and the [1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Cannes_Film_Festival) [Special Jury Prize for Best Short Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Film_Palme_d%27Or) for Di.[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as [O Quatrilho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Quatrilho) ([Fábio Barreto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fábio_Barreto), 1995), [O Que É Isso, Companheiro?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Que_É_Isso,_Companheiro?)[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") ([Bruno Barreto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Barreto), 1997) and [Central do Brasil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Station_%28film%29) ([Walter Salles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Salles), 1998), all of which were nominated for the [Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film), the latter receiving a [Best Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress) nomination for [Fernanda Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro).[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") The 2002 crime film [City of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_God_%282002_film%29), directed by [Fernando Meirelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles), was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on [Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes),[\[495\]](../../page/7/#ref-495 "note 495") being placed in [Roger Ebert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert)'s Best Films of the Decade list[\[496\]](../../page/7/#ref-496 "note 496") and receiving four [Academy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards) nominations in 2004, including [Best Director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director).[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") Notable film festivals in Brazil include the [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Paulo_International_Film_Festival) and [Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_International_Film_Festival) and the [Gramado Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_de_Gramado).[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") The film [I'm Still Here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Still_Here_%282024_film%29), directed by Walter Salles, was nominated for [Best Actress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress) (Torres) and [Best Picture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture) at the [97th Academy Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/97th_Academy_Awards),[\[497\]](../../page/7/#ref-497 "note 497")[\[498\]](../../page/7/#ref-498 "note 498")[\[499\]](../../page/7/#ref-499 "note 499") and won [Best International Feature Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film), becoming the first-ever Brazilian produced film to win an Academy Award.[\[500\]](../../page/7/#ref-500 "note 500")[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") The film [The Secret Agent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Agent_%282025_film%29) had its world premiere at the main competition of the [2025 Cannes Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Cannes_Film_Festival) on 18 May 2025, where it won the [Best Actor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Actor) prize for [Wagner Moura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Moura), the [Best Director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival_Award_for_Best_Director) prize for Mendonça and the [FIPRESCI Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Film_Critics).[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") It received further widespread critical acclaim.[\[501\]](../../page/7/#ref-501 "note 501")[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Telecommunications in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil), [Television in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Brazil) See also: [Concentration of media ownership § Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership#Brazil), [Mass media regulation in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_regulation_in_Brazil) The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the Prince Regent John.[\[502\]](../../page/7/#ref-502 "note 502")[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.[\[503\]](../../page/7/#ref-503 "note 503")[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") The largest newspapers nowadays are [Folha de S.Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo), [O Globo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Globo), and [O Estado de S. Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo).[\[504\]](../../page/7/#ref-504 "note 504")[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President [Epitácio Pessoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitácio_Pessoa), and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".[\[505\]](../../page/7/#ref-505 "note 505")[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of [TV Tupi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tupi) by [Assis Chateaubriand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand).[\[506\]](../../page/7/#ref-506 "note 506")[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") Since then, television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as [Globo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Globo), [SBT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televisão), [RecordTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecordTV), [Bandeirantes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes) and [RedeTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedeTV!).[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") By the mid-1960s, Brazilian universities had installed [mainframe computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer) from [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM) and [Burroughs Large Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems).[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian government restricted foreign imports to protect the local manufacturing of computers.[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1980s, Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country.[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") By 2009, the mobile phone and Internet use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.[\[507\]](../../page/7/#ref-507 "note 507")[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") As of early 2025, internet penetration in Brazil stood at 86.2% of the total population (183 million individuals), and the ratio of cellular mobile connections to the total population was 102% (217 million active connections).[\[508\]](../../page/7/#ref-508 "note 508")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched [TV Brasil Internacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Brasil_Internacional), an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.[\[509\]](../../page/7/#ref-509 "note 509")[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include [Globo Internacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo_Internacional), [RecordTV Internacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecordTV_Internacional) and [Band Internacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_Internacional).[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Brazilian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine) See also: [List of Brazilian dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_dishes) Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations.[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[\[510\]](../../page/7/#ref-510 "note 510")[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of the most well known Brazilian foods are the [feijoada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feijoada_%28Brazilian_dish%29), considered the country's national dish;[\[511\]](../../page/7/#ref-511 "note 511") and [churrasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churrasco), a kind of barbecue which is often served in [rodízio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodízio) style.[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") Other regional foods include beijú, [feijão tropeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feijão_tropeiro), [vatapá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatapá), [moqueca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moqueca), [polenta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenta) (from Italian cuisine) and [acarajé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarajé) (from African cuisine).[\[512\]](../../page/7/#ref-512 "note 512")[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") The national beverage is [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee); [cachaça](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachaça) is Brazil's native liquor.[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, [Caipirinha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caipirinha).[\[513\]](../../page/7/#ref-513 "note 513")[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") A typical meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef, salad, french fries and a fried egg.[\[514\]](../../page/7/#ref-514 "note 514")[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Often, it is mixed with cassava flour ([farofa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farofa)).[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[\[515\]](../../page/7/#ref-515 "note 515")[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") Popular snacks are [pastel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_%28Brazilian_food%29) (a fried pastry); [coxinha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxinha) (a variation of chicken croquete); [pão de queijo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pão_de_queijo) (cheese bread and cassava flour / [tapioca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapioca)); [pamonha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamonha) (corn and milk paste); [esfirra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfiha) (a variation of Lebanese pastry); [kibbeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbeh) (from Arabic cuisine); and empada (pastry), little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") Brazil has a variety of desserts such as [brigadeiros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadeiro) (chocolate fudge balls), [bolo de rolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_de_rolo) (roll cake with [goiabada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goiabada)), [cocada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocada) (a coconut sweet), [beijinhos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinho) (coconut truffles and clove) and [Romeu e Julieta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeu_e_Julieta) (cheese with goiabada).[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") Peanuts are used to make [paçoca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paçoca), [rapadura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapadura) and [pé de moleque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pé_de_moleque).[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") Local common fruits such as [açaí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Açaí), [cupuaçu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupuaçu), [mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango), [papaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya), [cocoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean), [cashew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew), [guava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava), [orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_%28fruit%29), [lime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28fruit%29), [passionfruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionfruit), [pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple), and [hog plum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias) are turned into juices and used to make chocolates, ice pops and ice cream.[\[516\]](../../page/7/#ref-516 "note 516")[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Sport in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil) See also: [Brazil at the Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics), [Brazil at the Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Paralympics) The most popular sport in Brazil is [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football).[\[517\]](../../page/7/#ref-517 "note 517")[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Brazilian men's national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team) is ranked among the best in the world according to the [FIFA World Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings), and has won the [World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) tournament a record five times.[\[518\]](../../page/7/#ref-518 "note 518")[\[519\]](../../page/7/#ref-519 "note 519")[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") [Volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball), [basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball), [auto racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing) and [martial arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts) also has large audiences.[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Brazil men's national volleyball team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team) currently holds the titles of the [World League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League), [World Grand Champions Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Champions_Cup), [World Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship) and the [World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup).[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the [Formula One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One) world championship eight times.[\[520\]](../../page/7/#ref-520 "note 520")[\[521\]](../../page/7/#ref-521 "note 521")[\[522\]](../../page/7/#ref-522 "note 522")[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as [sailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_%28sport%29), [swimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29), [tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis), [surfing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing), [skateboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding), [MMA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMA), [gymnastics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics), [boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing), [judo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo), [athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field) and [table tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis).[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: [beach football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_soccer),[\[523\]](../../page/7/#ref-523 "note 523") [futsal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal) (indoor football)[\[524\]](../../page/7/#ref-524 "note 524") and [footvolley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footvolley) emerged in Brazil as variations of football.[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") In martial arts, Brazilians developed [Capoeira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira),[\[525\]](../../page/7/#ref-525 "note 525") [Vale tudo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_tudo)[\[526\]](../../page/7/#ref-526 "note 526") and [Brazilian jiu-jitsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu).[\[527\]](../../page/7/#ref-527 "note 527")[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, such as the [1950 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup),[\[528\]](../../page/7/#ref-528 "note 528") and recently has hosted the [2014 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup), [2019 Copa América](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Copa_América) and [2021 Copa América](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Copa_América).[\[529\]](../../page/7/#ref-529 "note 529")[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") The São Paulo circuit, [Autódromo José Carlos Pace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autódromo_José_Carlos_Pace), hosts the annual [Grand Prix of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Grand_Prix).[\[530\]](../../page/7/#ref-530 "note 530")[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo organized the [IV Pan American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Pan_American_Games) in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the [XV Pan American Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games) in 2007.[\[531\]](../../page/7/#ref-531 "note 531")[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the [2016 Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics) and [2016 Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics), making it the first South American city to host the games[\[532\]](../../page/7/#ref-532 "note 532") and second in Latin America, after [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City) [corpus](../../../Mexico_City/ "in our corpus").[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") Furthermore, the country hosted the [FIBA Basketball World Cups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup) in [1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FIBA_World_Championship) and [1963](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_FIBA_World_Championship).[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") At the 1963 event, the [Brazil national basketball team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team) won one of its two world championship titles.[\[533\]](../../page/7/#ref-533 "note 533")[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil) ## Bibliography - Azevedo, Aroldo.[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") O Brasil e suas regiões.[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") - Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 0-8047-3510-7[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") - Biscardi, Afrânio; Rocha, Frederico Almeida (May 2006). "[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") [O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial](http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm)".[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte.[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Boxer, Charles R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Boxer) The Portuguese Seaborne Empire (1969)[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") - O império marítimo português 1415–1825.[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002.[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-359-0292-9[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") - Bueno, Eduardo.[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") Brasil: uma História.[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Ática, 2003.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-08-08213-4[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") - Calmon, Pedro.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") História da Civilização Brasileira.[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") - Carvalho, José Murilo de.[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") D. Pedro II.[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") - Coelho, Marcos Amorim.[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") Geografia do Brasil.[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") 4th ed.[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Moderna, 1996[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") - Diégues, Fernando.[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") A revolução brasílica.[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Enciclopédia Barsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsa_%28encyclopedia%29).[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe.[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ermakoff, George (2006). "[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica".[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial.[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") - Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002), 2nd ed.[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005.[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-7326-308-3[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Gaspari, Elio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Gaspari).[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") A ditadura envergonhada.[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002.[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-359-0277-5[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") - Janotti, Aldo.[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade.[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lyra, Heitor.[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1.[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lyra, Heitor.[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3.[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") - Lustosa, Isabel.[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter.[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006.[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-359-0807-2[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") - Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil.[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") 18.[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") Ed.[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Ática, 1981[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") - Munro, Dana Gardner.[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") The Latin American Republics; A History.[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") New York: D. Appleton, 1942.[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") - Peres, Damião (1949) O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade Porto: Portucalense.[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") - Scheina, Robert L. Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987.[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987.[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 0-87021-295-8[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Stuart B. Schwartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz) Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil (1973)[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") - Early Latin America (1983)[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") - Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society (1985)[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Skidmore, Thomas E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Skidmore). Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (Oxford University Press, 1999)[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") - Uma História do Brasil.[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") 4th ed.[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003.[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-219-0313-8[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") - Souza, Adriana Barreto de.[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento.[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008.[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-85-200-0864-5.[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") - Vainfas, Ronaldo.[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") Dicionário do Brasil Imperial.[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002.[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 85-7302-441-0[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") - Vesentini, José William.[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil.[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") 7th Ed.[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Ática, 1988[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") - Vianna, Hélio.[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed.[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") - Zirin, Dave.[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy Haymarket Books 2014.[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") ISBN 978-1-60846-360-2[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. *The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries* (SUNY Press, 2019) Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). "State and Opposition in Military Brazil". University of Texas Press. Amann, Edmund (1990). "The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso". World Development (pp. 1805–19). "[Background Note: Brazil](https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm)". US Department of State. Bellos, Alex (2003). "[Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life](https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell)". Bloomsbury Publishing plc. Bethell, Leslie (1991). "Colonial Brazil". CUP. Costa, João Cruz (1964). "[A History of Ideas in Brazil](https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost)". University of California Press. Fausto, Boris (1999). "A Concise History of Brazil". CUP. "[The Boundaries of Freedom: Slavery, Abolition, and the Making of Modern Brazil](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-freedom/7C2447B51A9BFEAAA1359B592FFE5ED6)". [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press). 2023. Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; and three others. Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). "Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil". CUP. Levine, Robert M. *Historical Dictionary of Brazil* (2019) Malathronas, John (2003). "Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul". Summersdale. Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). "Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change". Macmillan. Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). "The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil". University of California Press. Schneider, Ronald (1995). "Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse". Boulder Westview. Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). "[Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought](https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid)". Oxford University Press. Wagley, Charles (1963). "An Introduction to Brazil". Columbia University Press. ## External links [Brazilian Federal Government](https://www.gov.br/) [Official Tourist Guide of Brazil](http://www.visitbrasil.com/en/) [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics](http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/) … [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/page/6/) **7** ## References {#references} 1\. Exército Brasileiro. "[Hino à Bandeira Nacional](http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional)". 2\. [Lei Federal do Brasil 10436 de 2002](https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Federal_do_Brasil_10436_de_2002) 3\. [Repositório Brasileiro de Legislações Linguísticas](https://web.archive.org/web/20251201194402/http://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/page/home) (Brazilian Repository of Linguistic Legislation) 4\. According to [Article 13 of the Constitution](https://web.archive.org/web/20251228004513/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm): *A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil* ("The Portuguese language is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil"). [Brazilian Sign Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language) is also officially recognized and protected.\[2\] 95 municipalities and 3 Brazilian states also have co-official languages, with 61 co-officialized languages.\[3\] The list can be seen at *[Languages of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil#Language_policy)*. 5\. The Brazilian census uses the term *amarela* (or *yellow* in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/[Arabs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Brazilian) and South Asians. 6\. "[Panorama do Censo 2022](https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/?localidade=BR)". IBGE. 7\. "[População estimada do país chega a 213,4 milhões de habitantes, divulga IBGE \| Agência de Notícias](https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/08/populacao-do-brasil-alcanca-marca-de-213-4-milhoes-de-habitantes-divulga-ibge#:~:text=A%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20brasileira%20era%20de,Geografia%20e%20Estat%C3%ADstica%20%28IBGE%29.)". *Agência de Notícias - IBGE*. 28 August 2025. 8\. Araujo, Gabriel (28 June 2023). "[Brazil census shows population growth at its slowest since 1872](https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/)". *[Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters)*. 9\. "[País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 \| Agência de Notícias](https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010)". *Agência de Notícias – IBGE*. 28 June 2023. 10\. "[World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)](https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO%289.0.0%29)". *www.imf.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 14 April 2026. 11\. "[Gini index - Brazil](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR)". *World Bank Open Data*. 12\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. 13\. *Brasil*, bɾaˈziw. 14\. José María Bello (1966). "A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964". [Stanford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press). 15\. *República Federativa do Brasil*,\[14\] ʁeˈpublikɐ fedeɾaˈtʃivɐ du bɾaˈziw. 16\. Philander, S. George (2012). "[Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition](https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148)". Princeton University. 17\. Vallance, Monique M. (2012). "[Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic](https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23)". ABC-CLIO. 18\. 2018. 19\. "[Brazil – Land](http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm)". *Permanent Missions*. United Nations. 20\. Andreatta, Margarida Davina (30 May 1995). "[Engenho São Jorge dos Erasmos: prospecção arqueológica, histórica e industrial](http://www.revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/28435)". *Revista USP*. 21\. "[Brazilian Federal Constitution](http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm)". Presidency of the Republic. 1988. "[Brazilian Federal Constitution](http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html)". v-brazil.com. 2007. 22\. M. Schaefer; J. Poffenbarger (2014). "[The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together](https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32)". Springer. 23\. Sean W. Burges (2016). "[Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization](https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114)". Routledge. 24\. Gardini, Gian Luca (2016). "Brazil: What Rise of What Power?". *Bulletin of Latin American Research*. 25\. Gratius, Susanne (April 2008). "[The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces?](http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf)". *[FRIDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRIDE)*. 26\. Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). "[Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status](http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/)". The Diplomatic Courier. 27\. Clendenning, Alan (17 April 2008). "[Booming Brazil could be world power soon](https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm)". *USA Today*. The Associated Press. 28\. Jorge Dominguez; Byung Kook Kim (2013). "[Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana](https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98)". Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. 29\. "[FTSE Country Classification](https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf)". [FTSE Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_Group). September 2018. 30\. "[Country and Lending Groups](http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income)". World Bank. 31\. "[World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019](https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies)". *IMF.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 32\. "[CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html)". [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). 33\. Jeff Neilson; Bill Pritchard (2011). "[Value Chain Struggles](https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834)". John Wiley & Sons. 34\. "[UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list)". UNESCO. 35\. Vandiver, John (9 May 2019). "[Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally](https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256)". *Stars and Stripes*. 36\. "[Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP](https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/)". 14 August 2019. 37\. Fausto, Boris (1999). "[A Concise History of Brazil](https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus)". Cambridge University Press. 38\. Jon S. Vincent. (2003). "[Culture and Customs of Brazil](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc)". Greenwood Publishing Group. 39\. "[Brazil \| Etymology of the name Brazil by etymonline](https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075)". 40\. Richard P. Tucker (2007). "[Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World](https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186)". University of Michigan. 41\. Wayne E. Lee (2011). "[Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World](https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196)". NYU Press. 42\. Daly, Charles P. (1880). "[Maps and Map-making Before Mercator](https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493)". *[The Popular Science Monthly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Popular_Science_Monthly)*. Bonnier Corporation. 43\. Jean de Léry (1990). "[History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America](https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242)". University of California Press. 44\. Jayme A. Sokolow. (2003). "[The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800](https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84)". M.E. Sharpe. 45\. Maria Herrera-Sobek (2012). "[Celebrating Latino Folklore](https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155)". ABC-CLIO. 46\. Robert M. Levine; John J. Crocitti (1999). "[The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics](https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11)". Duke University Press. 47\. Roosevelt, Anna Curtenius; Housley, Rupert A.; Imazio da Silveira, Maura; Maranca, Silvia; Johnson, Richard Irwin (13 December 1991). "[Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden \[sic\] in the Brazilian Amazon](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621)". *[Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%28journal%29)*. 48\. Mann, Charles C. (2006). "[1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus](https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326)". Vintage Books. 49\. Levine, Robert M. (2003). "The History of Brazil". Palgrave Macmillan. 50\. Levine 2003, p. 31. 51\. Fausto, Carlos (2000). "Os Índios antes do Brasil" \[The Indians before Brazil\]. Jorge Zahar Editor. 52\. Gomes, Mercio P. *The Indians and Brazil* University Press of Florida 2000 ISBN 0-8130-1720-3 pp. 28–29 53\. Fausto 2000, p. 78–80. 54\. Fausto 2000, p. 50. 55\. Boxer, p. 98. 56\. Boxer, p. 100. 57\. Boxer, pp. 100–101. 58\. Skidmore, p. 27. 59\. (no text) 60\. Boxer, p. 101. 61\. Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 ISBN 978-90-04-21083-7 *Chapter III* 62\. Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202) 63\. Crocitti, Vallance 2012. 64\. Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 ISBN 978-1-61069-163-5 p. 300, [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300) 65\. Skidmore, p. 36. 66\. Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 ISBN 978-1-4443-9628-7 Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54) 67\. Boxer, p. 110 68\. Skidmore, p. 34. 69\. Boxer, p. 102. 70\. Skidmore, pp. 32–33. 71\. Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). "The Library An Illustrated History". Skyhorse Publishing. 72\. Boxer, p. 164. 73\. Boxer, pp. 168, 170. 74\. Boxer, p. 169. 75\. Kohn, George C. (1986). "[Dictionary of Wars](https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186)". Facts on File, Inc.. 76\. George Richard Potter; Henry Clifford Darby; Harold Fullard (1957). "[The New Cambridge Modern History](https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498)". CUP Archive. 77\. Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" [Cambria Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_Press) 2008 ISBN 978-1-60497-529-1 pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145) 78\. Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70 79\. Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 ISBN 0-252-06549-2 Chapter 4 [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103) 80\. MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3) 81\. Boxer, p. 213 82\. Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; *Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil* ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 ISBN 85-352-3994-4 Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv 83\. Bueno, p. 145. 84\. Jeffrey C. Mosher (2008). "[Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850](https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9)". U of Nebraska Press. 85\. Jeremy Adelman (2006). "[Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic](https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334)". Princeton University Press. 86\. Lustosa, pp. 109–110 87\. Lustosa, pp. 117–19 88\. Lustosa, pp. 150–153 89\. Vianna, p. 418 90\. Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178 91\. Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80 92\. Lustosa, p. 208 93\. Fausto 1999, p. 82–83. 94\. Lyra (v. 1), p. 17 95\. Carvalho 2007, p. 21 96\. Fausto 1999, p. Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3. 97\. Fausto 1999. 98\. [Bethell, Leslie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Bethell) "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) 1970, *"Cambridge Latin American Studides"*, Chapters 9 to 12. [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC) 99\. Scott, Rebecca and others, *The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil*, Duke University Press 1988 ISBN 0-8223-0888-6 [Seymour Drescher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Drescher), Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective" 100\. Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62) 101\. Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272 102\. Fausto 1999, p. Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War". 103\. Ermakoff 2006, p. 189. 104\. Smallman, Shawn C. (2002). "Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society". [University of North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina) Press. 105\. "[Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press](https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/)". *The Brazilian Report*. 15 November 2017. 106\. Smallman 2002, p. end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule". 107\. Smallman 2002, p. 21–26. 108\. Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 ISBN 0-312-23399-X 109\. Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12 110\. David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" [Columbia University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University) Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125 111\. Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305 112\. M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97 113\. "Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945". 114\. Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145 115\. Viscount of Taunay (1893). "O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892". Melhoramentos. 116\. Nassif, Luís (2007). "Os cabeças-de-planilha". Ediouro. 117\. de Carvalho, Ney O. Ribeiro (2004). "O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira". Bovespa. 118\. Martins, Hélio L (1997). "A Revolta da Armada". BibliEx. 119\. Moniz, Edmundo (1984). "Canudos: a luta pela terra". Global. 120\. Sevcenko, Nicolau (2010). "A Revolta da Vacina". Cosac Naify. 121\. de Moura, Aureliano P (2003). "Contestado: a guerra cabocla". Biblioteca do Exército. 122\. Thompson, Arthur (1934). "Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895". Ravaro. 123\. Roland, Maria Inês (2000). "A Revolta da Chibata". Saraiva. 124\. Forjaz, Maria CS (1977). "Tenentismo e politica". Paz e Terra. 125\. Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. *The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics*, Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era 126\. [Keen, Benjamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keen,_Benjamin) / Haynes, Kate *A History of Latin America; Volume 2*, Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp. 356–57 127\. McCann; Frank D. *Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937*, [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University) Press 2004, p. 303 ISBN 0-8047-3222-1 128\. Ibidem Williams 2001 129\. E. Bradford Burns; *A History of Brazil* Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 ISBN 978-0-231-07955-6 130\. Dulles, John W.F. *Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935* University of Texas Press 2012 ISBN 0-292-74076-X 131\. Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; *The New international year book* Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt" 132\. Bourne, Richard *Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954* C. Knight 1974, p. 77 133\. Scheina, Robert L. *Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001*. Potomac Books, 2003 ISBN 1-57488-452-2 Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45 134\. Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; *Latin America during World War II* Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150 135\. Mónica Hirst & [Andrew Hurrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hurrell); *The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations*, Taylor & Francis Books 2005 ISBN 0-415-95066-X pp. 4–5 136\. Castro, Celso; Izecksohn, Vitor; Kraay, Hendrik (2004). "Nova história militar brasileira". Fundação Getúlio Vargas. 137\. McCann 2004, p. 441 138\. Roett; Riordan *Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society*, GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 ISBN 0-275-95899-X 139\. Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62 140\. Skidmore, p. 201 141\. Skidmore, pp. 202–203 142\. Skidmore, p. 204 143\. Skidmore, pp. 204–205 144\. Skidmore, pp. 209–210 145\. Skidmore, p. 210 146\. Fausto (2005), p. 397 147\. Gaspari, *A Ditadura Envergonhada*, pp. 141–42. 148\. Gaspari, *A Ditadura Envergonhada*, p. 35. 149\. Crocitti, Vallance 2012, p. 395, last paragraph. 150\. Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224) 151\. Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-19-958878-7 p. 299 [View on Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299) 152\. Crocitti, Vallance 2012, p. 396. 153\. Crocitti, Vallance 2012, p. 395–97. 154\. Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457 155\. Fausto 1999, p. Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)". 156\. Fausto (2005), pp. 464–65. 157\. Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475. 158\. Skidmore, p. 311. 159\. Fausto 1999, p. Epilogue. 160\. Fausto (2005), p. 482. 161\. Fausto (2005), p. 474. 162\. Fausto (2005), p. 502. 163\. Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3 164\. ["Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network) article on "the Guardian" 165\. Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion. 166\. Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater. "[Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer)". *The Guardian*. 167\. Taub, Amanda (1 September 2016). "[All Impeachments Are Political. But Was Brazil's Something More Sinister?](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/q01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html)". *The New York Times*. 168\. [Article](http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT) in *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times)* (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph. 169\. ["Brazil supreme court judge orders probe into nine ministers – paper"](https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO?) . Reuters. 11 April 2017. 170\. ["President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html) . *The New York Times*. 26 June 2017. 171\. "[Jair Bolsonaro é eleito presidente do Brasil](https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/)". *veja.abril.com.br*. 172\. Guerin, Orla (9 July 2021). "[Covid-19 pandemic: 'Everything you should not do, Brazil has done'](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540)". *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News)*. BBC. 173\. "[Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022](https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml)". *Valor*. 20 May 2021. 174\. "[Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação](https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/)". *noticias.uol.com.br*. 175\. "[Resultados – TSE](https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados)". *resultados.tse.jus.br*. 176\. Phillips, Tom (8 January 2023). "[Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's presidential palace and supreme court](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court)". *The Guardian*. 177\. Rocha, Lucas (8 January 2023). "[Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional](https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/)" \[Protesters break through the blockade, enter the Esplanade and invade the National Congress\]. [CNN Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Brazil). 178\. "[Land and Resources](http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html)". *Encarta*. MSN. 179\. [Official Area (In Portuguese)](http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm) IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 180\. "[Hora Legal Brasileira](http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm)". Observatório Nacional. 181\. "[Brazil](http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220)". *Country Guide*. BBC Weather. 182\. "[Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194](https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 183\. "[Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Brazil](https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BRA/home/overview)". *Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations*. 184\. "[Temperature in Brazil](http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html)". Brazil Travel. 185\. "[Brazil: Climate](https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html)". *MSN Encarta*. Microsoft Corporation. 186\. Embrapa. "[Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station](http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html)". 187\. "[CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil](http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm)". Botany.si.edu. 188\. ["Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil"](http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 189\. ["Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History"](http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html) . Princeton University Press. 190\. ["Inland fishery enhancements"](http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm) . FAO. 191\. Maisonnave, Fabiano (10 September 2024). "[Brazil faces its worst drought as wildfires rage and Amazon River falls to record low](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/brazil-faces-its-worst-drought-as-wildfires-rage-and-amazon-river-falls-to-record-low)". Associated Press. 192\. McCoy, Terrence (12 September 2024). "[More than half of Brazil is racked by drought. Blame deforestation.](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/12/brazil-drought/)". Washington Post. 193\. "[Brazil Endures Worst Drought on Record, Affecting 58% of the Country](https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/scienceandhealth/2024/09/brazil-endures-worst-drought-on-record-affecting-58-of-the-country.shtml)". Folha de S.Paulo. 5 September 2024. 194\. "[Brazil](https://www.g20climaterisks.org/brazil/)". *G20 Climate Risk Atlas*. 19 October 2021. 195\. "[Brazil](https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lac-green-growth-leading-the-change-we-need/brazil)". *World Bank*. 196\. UNDP Climate Change Adaptation (13 August 2012). "[Brazil](https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/latin-america-and-caribbean/brazil)". *www.adaptation-undp.org*. 197\. Jones, Matthew W.; Peters, Glen P.; Gasser, Thomas; Andrew, Robbie M.; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Gütschow, Johannes; Houghton, Richard A.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Pongratz, Julia (13 November 2024). "[National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide](https://zenodo.org/records/14054503)". 198\. "[Brazil's climate change targets 59-67% cut in GHG emissions by 2035 from 2005](https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/brazils-climate-change-targets-59-67-cut-ghg-emissions-2035-2005.html)". *Enerdata*. 199\. "[Information for COP 30 participants (A-Z) \| UNFCCC](https://unfccc.int/cop30/ifp)". *unfccc.int*. 200\. "[Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries](https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries)". *COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025*. 201\. "[Building a Climate Coalition: Aligning Carbon Pricing, Trade, and Development](https://salatainstitute.harvard.edu/building-a-climate-coalition-gcpp-flagship-report/)". *The Salata Institute*. 2025-09-16. 202\. Alvares, C. A.; Stape, J. L.; Sentelhas, P. C.; de Moraes Gonçalves, J. L. (2013). "[Modeling monthly mean air temperature for Brazil](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-012-0796-6)". *Theoretical and Applied Climatology*. 203\. "[Natural Regions](http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html)". *Encarta*. MSN. 204\. "[Rivers and Lakes](http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html)". *Encarta*. MSN. 205\. "[Amazon – World's largest tropical rain forest and river basin](http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/amazon/index.html)". [World Wide Fund for Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature). 206\. "[Brazil](https://iucngreenlist.org/country/brazil/)". *IUCN Green List*. 207\. Palmerlee, Danny (2007). "South America on a Shoestring". [Lonely Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet) Publications. 208\. Da Silva, M. and D.W. Minter. 1995. *Fungi from Brazil recorded by Batista and Co-workers*. Mycological Papers 169. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 585 pp. 209\. Chapman, A.D (September 2005). "[Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World: A Report for the Department of the Environment and Heritage](http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/05-comparisons.html)". *Australian Biological Resources Study*. Australian Biodiversity Information Services. 210\. "[One fifth of the world's freshwater](http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/ecosystems_amazon/rivers/)". *Amazon*. World Wide Fund for Nature. 6 August 2007. 211\. "[Plant and Animal Life](http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html)". *Encarta*. MSN. 212\. "[Atlantic Forest, Brazil](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil)". *Map: Biodiversity hotspots*. BBC News. 1 October 2004. 213\. "[Places We Work: The Atlantic Forest of Brazil](http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5080.html)". [The Nature Conservancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy). 2007. 214\. Capobianco, João Paulo. "[Biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest](http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/biodiv/matatlan/biodiv/index.htm)". *Brazil on CD-ROM and Internet*. Ministry of External Relations. 215\. [USDA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) Forest Service website, [Forest Service International Programs: Brazil](http://www.fs.fed.us/global/globe/l_amer/brazil.htm) , retrieved February 2007. 216\. Butler, Rhett A. (28 March 2006). "[Brazil to Protect Amazon Rainforest](http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0328-amazon.html)". MongaBay.com. 217\. "[Preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of Brazil's area, says Embrapa](https://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2017/01/vegetacao-nativa-preservada-ocupa-61-da-area-do-brasil-diz-embrapa.html)". 27 January 2017. 218\. "[How Europe has multiplied its forests and why this can be a problem](https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50162105)". *BBC News Brasil*. 219\. Ruiz, Sarah (12 November 2021). "[Climate change is pushing Brazil's farmland out of agricultural suitability range](https://www.woodwellclimate.org/brazils-farms-losing-agricultural-suitability/)". *Woodwell climate research center*. Nature Climate Change. 220\. Pimentel, Mauro. "[Lula returns for third term as Brazil president](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230101-lula-returns-for-third-term-as-brazil-president)". *CNN*. 221\. Bruns, Axel; Enli, Gunn; Skogerbo, Eli; Larsson, Anders Olof; Christensen, Christian (22 December 2015). "[The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics](https://books.google.com/books?id=OK1ACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA519)". Routledge. 222\. "[Brazil - The legislature](https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/The-legislature)". *Encyclopedia Britannica*. 223\. Ameringer, Charles D. (1992). "[Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies](https://books.google.com/books?id=kD5qi3MyEHYC&pg=PA105)". Greenwood Publishing Group. 224\. "[Brazil \| The Global State of Democracy](https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/brazil)". *www.idea.int*. 225\. "[Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge](https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg)". *Economist Intelligence Unit*. 226\. "[Freedom in the World 2021](https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf)". Freedom House. 3 March 2021. 227\. "[Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped?](https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf)". 228\. "[Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa](http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html)". 229\. "[City Mayors](http://www.citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html)". 230\. Fontaine, Edward (1872). "Contributions to the Physical Geography of the Mississippi River, and Its Delta". *Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York*. 231\. "[Government – Brazil](http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html)". Southtravels.com. 5 October 1988. 232\. ["The Brazilian Legal System"](http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html) , Organization of American States. Retrieved 17 May 2007. 233\. José Afonso da Silva, *Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo* (Malheiros, 2004; ISBN 85-7420-559-1), p. 46. 234\. "[Amendments to the Brazilian Constitution](http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/Emendas/Emc/quadro_emc.htm)". *Brazilian Law Compiled*. 235\. Silva, *Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo*, p. 592. 236\. Fabiano Deffenti; Welber Oliveira Barral (2011). "[Introduction to Brazilian Law](https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ba2J5eD8wYC&pg=PA20)". Kluwer Law International. 237\. "[Brazil](https://caj.fiu.edu/national-cj-systems/south-america/brazil/)". *caj.fiu.edu*. 238\. Celina Souza. "[Federal Republic of Brazil](https://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Global_Dialogue/Book_1/BK1-C03-br-Souza-en.pdf)". [Forum of Federations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_of_Federations). 239\. Neil Montgomery (2023-01-13). "[Legal Systems in Brazil: Overview](https://www.montgomery.adv.br/en/legal-systems-in-brazil-overview/)". montgomery.adv.br. 240\. "[Brazil 1988 (rev. 2017)](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017)". *constituteproject.org*. 241\. da Cunha Melo, Leopoldo (January 1948). "[Conceituação de "Território Federal" como unidade política](https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/19/bg_1948_v5_n58_jan.pdf)" \[Conceptualization of "Federal Territory" as a political unit\]. *Boletim Geográfico*. 242\. Porto, Jadson Luís Rebelo (March 1999). "[Os territórios federais e a sua evolução no Brasil](http://www.revistapresenca.unir.br/artigos_presenca/15jadsonluisrebeloporto_osterritoriosfederaiseasuaevolucao.pdf)" \[The federal territories and their evolution in Brazil\]. *Revista de Educação, Cultura e meio ambiente*. 243\. [Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil](http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html) V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. 244\. [Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil](http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html) V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011. 245\. [U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil](https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013700/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/RL33456.pdf) [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress). Retrieved on 23 June 2009. 246\. Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil", Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003 247\. Cabral and Weinstock 2010. [Brazil: an emerging aid player](http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid) (). London: Overseas Development Institute 248\. Cabral, Lidia 2010. [Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting](http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx) (). London: Overseas Development Institute 249\. [Uma Nova Agenda Militar](http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-2,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html) Revista Época. Retrieved on 19 February 2009. 250\. "[The World Factbook](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/)". [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). 251\. "[Sala de imprensa – FAB em números](http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php)". Força Aérea Brasileira. 252\. "[Decreto Nº 5.670 de 10 de Janeiro de 2006](http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm)". Presidência da República. 253\. "[Military Power](http://www.militarypower.com.br/mundo.htm)". 254\. Scheina (1987), p. 81. 255\. "[Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate – GruMeC](http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm)". *tropaselite.t35.com*. 256\. "[Porta-Helicópteros Atlântico agora é Navio-Aeródromo Multipropósito](https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/)". Poder Naval. 26 November 2020. 257\. "[Ordem pública é prioridade da Força Nacional de Segurança](http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca)". Portal Brasil. 29 April 2012. 258\. "[dp-intentional-homicide-victims \| dataUNODC](https://dataunodc.un.org/dp-intentional-homicide-victims)". *dataunodc.un.org*. 259\. "[Taxa de delito por 100 mil habitantes](http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E)". Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo. 31 January 2011. 260\. "[Brasil tem queda de assassinatos em 2025: veja mortes por estado](https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/01/22/brasil-tem-queda-de-assassinatos-pelo-5o-ano-seguido-veja-taxa-de-mortes-por-estado.ghtml)". *G1*. 2026-01-22. 261\. "[A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html)". *The New York Times*. 10 August 2018. 262\. "[Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Total \| World Prison Brief](https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All)". *www.prisonstudies.org*. 263\. "[Brasil tem hoje deficit de 200 mil vagas no sistema prisional](http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html)". G1. 15 January 2014. 264\. "[Multilateral Treaties - AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" (B-32)](http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights_sign.htm)". [Organization of American States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States). 265\. "[Brazil - Freedom in the World 2017](https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/brazil)". [Freedom House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House). 266\. "[Human Rights in Brazil](http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/social-and-human-sciences/human-rights)". [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO). [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations). 267\. Brocchetto, Marilia (15 May 2013). "[Brazilian judicial council orders notaries to recognize same-sex marriage](https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/15/world/americas/brazil-same-sex-marriage/index.html?eref=edition)". *CNN*. 268\. "[6. Brazil](https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm)". [Food and Agriculture Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (FAO). 269\. "[WEO Database, April 2025. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April)". *IMF.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 22 April 2025. 270\. "[Brazil Economy Beats Forecasts Again as Consumers Spend Big](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brazil-economy-expands-again-consumers-120646394.html)". 271\. "[Labor force, total – Brazil](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br)". *[World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank)*. 272\. "[Banco Central do Brasil – SDDS](https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves)". *www.bcb.gov.br*. [Central Bank of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil). 273\. "[Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR)". *[World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank)*. 274\. "[Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR)". *[World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank)*. 275\. France, Guilherme (29 January 2019). "[Brazil: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption](https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf)". [Transparency International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International). 276\. Alok Bansal; Yogeshwari Phatak; I C Gupta; Rajendra Jain (2009). "[Transcending Horizons Through Innovative Global Practices](https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29)". Excel Books. 277\. "[GDP – composition, by sector of origin](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/)". *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). 278\. "[FAOSTAT](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/)". *www.fao.org*. 279\. "[How are agricultural co-operatives making a difference in Brazil? ICA](https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil)". *ica.coop*. 280\. "[Production of Brazil, by FAO](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/)". 281\. "[Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos](https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019)". *R7.com*. 29 June 2019. 282\. "[Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo](https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml)". *G1*. 12 December 2019. 283\. "[Serviço Geológico do Brasil](http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html)". *cprm.gov.br*. 284\. "[Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil](https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html)". *Band.com.br*. 285\. "[Fazcomex Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior – Soluções para Comex](https://www.fazcomex.com.br/)". *Fazcomex \| Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior*. 286\. "[Agronegócio tem oito entre os dez produtos líderes das exportações brasileiras em 2019](https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255)". *Avicultura Industrial*. 2 January 2020. 287\. "[List of importing markets for the product exported by Brazil in 2021](https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c076%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1)". [International Trade Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre). 288\. "[List of supplying markets for the product imported by Brazil in 2021](https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c076%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1)". [International Trade Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre). 289\. "[Brazil Trade](https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/BRA)". [World Integrated Trade Solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Integrated_Trade_Solution) (WITS). 290\. "[Official History of Automobile Industry in Brazil](https://anfavea.com.br/site/timeline/?lang=en/)". National Association of Vehicles Industries. 23 January 2022. 291\. "[Alimentos Processados A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual](https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php)". *alimentosprocessados.com.br*. 292\. "[Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá](https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml)". *Valor Econômico*. 21 February 2020. 293\. "[Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos](https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml)". *G1*. 14 July 2019. 294\. Comércio, Diário do (24 January 2020). "[Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019](https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/)". 295\. "[O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País](https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/)". 8 March 2019. 296\. "[Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia](https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml)". *G1*. 12 July 2017. 297\. "[Indústria Química no Brasil](https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf)". 298\. "[Estudo de 2018](https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf)". 299\. "[Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim](https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm)". *economia.uol.com.br*. 300\. "[Industria Textil no Brasil](https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3)". 301\. "[Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018](https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/)". *VEJA*. 302\. "[Produtividade e Comércio Exterior](https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index)". *SECINT e SEPEC*. 303\. "[Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país](https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html)". 7 November 2022. 304\. "UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2016 Edition". 2016. 305\. "[UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition](http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf)". World Tourism Organization. June 2011. 306\. "[Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial](http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html)". Ministério do Turismo. 2012. 307\. Ministério do Turismo (13 January 2012). "[Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011](http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/)". *No Pátio \| tudo de bom acontece aqui.*. No Pátio. 308\. "[International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition](https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 )". World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2019. 309\. Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). "[Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments](https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126)". Routledge. 310\. "[Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024](https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-tourism-development-index-2024/)". 311\. Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (2007). "[Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006](http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf)". Ministério do Turismo. 312\. "[Veja ranking dos Estados brasileiros que atraem mais turistas estrangeiros](https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/)". *Estadão*. 313\. Redação, Da (18 January 2024). "[Brasil recebe 5,9 milhões de estrangeiros em 2023](https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html)". *Portal PANROTAS*. 314\. Cedeño, Karina (12 June 2024). "[Turismo é grande negócio e São Paulo seguirá investindo nele, diz Lucena](https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html)". *Portal PANROTAS*. 315\. "[Movimentação do turismo bate recorde em vários estados e aquece economia](https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados)". *Agência Gov*. 316\. Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e EMBRATUR (2006). "[Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006: Metodologia e Desenvolvimento](http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf)". Ministério do Turismo. 317\. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2006). "[OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006](https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94)". OECD Publishing. 318\. United Nations Educational, Scientific (2010). "[UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World](https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110)". UNESCO. 319\. Brian Harvey; Henk H.F. Smid; Thâeo Pirard (2010). "[Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America](https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324)". Springer. 320\. Crocitti, Vallance 2012, p. 628. 321\. [NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil](http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html) [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA). 322\. O.C. Ferreira. "[O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro](http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm)". 323\. "[Previsão de lançamento](https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub)". *Marinha do Brasil*. 324\. "[Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität](http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html)". Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de. 18 August 2008. 325\. "[CEITEC](http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en)". *Portal Brasil*. Brasil.gov.br. 326\. "[Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial](http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm)". *[Folha de S.Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo)*. 26 March 2010. 327\. "[GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025](https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/brazil)". *WIPO*. 328\. Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). "[Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads](https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html)". [World Intellectual Property Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization). 329\. "[Global Innovation Index 2019](https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html)". *www.wipo.int*. 330\. "[M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf)". *The New York Times*. 20 October 1901. 331\. "[Engelberg, Inc](http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294)". Vintage Machinery. 2011. 332\. Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas 333\. "[Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually](http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php)". 334\. [Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG](http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html) Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 335\. "[50 anos do Méson-Pi](http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html)". 336\. "[Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física](http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf)". 337\. "[Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes](http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm)". UNESCOPRESS. 338\. [Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática"](http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml) . 339\. West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press 340\. "[International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)](https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01/01/2021&ev=false)". *www.eia.gov*. 341\. Michael Schmidt; Vincent Onyango; Dmytro Palekhov (2011). "[Implementing Environmental and Resource Management](https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42)". Springer. 342\. OECD; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2001). "[OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2001](https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193)". OECD Publishing. 343\. "[Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022](https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf)". *IRENA*. 344\. "[Yearly electricity data](https://ember-climate.org/data-catalogue/yearly-electricity-data/)". *ember-climate.org*. 345\. "[Matriz Energética e Elétrica](https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica)". *Empresa de Pesquisa Energética*. 346\. [link](https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135506/https://antigo.aneel.gov.br/web/guest/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2/-/asset_publisher/zXQREz8EVlZ6/content/brasil-termina-2021-com-maior-acrescimo-em-potencia-instalada-desde-2016/656877?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fantigo.aneel.gov.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_advancedSearch=false&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_keywords=&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_delta=15&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=false&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_cur=5&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_andOperator=true) National Agency of Energy 347\. Nakagawa, Fernando (23 March 2022). "[Brasil anuncia aumento da produção de petróleo em 10% para ajudar a estabilizar preços](https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/brasil-anuncia-aumento-da-producao-de-petroleo-em-10-para-ajudar-a-estabilizar-precos/)". *CNN Brasil*. 348\. "[Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez](http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez)". *[Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agência_Nacional_do_Petróleo,_Gás_Natural_e_Biocombustíveis)*. 19 February 2020. 349\. "[Brazilian road network in 2019](https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2021/Rodoviario/1-3-1-1-1-/Malha-rodovi%C3%A1ria-total)". *anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br*. 350\. "[Anuário CNT do Transporte](https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/)". *anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br*. 351\. "[Extensão da Malha Ferroviária – 2015](http://anuario.antt.gov.br/index.php/content/view/4751/Ferroviaria.html)". ANTT. 352\. ["OPrincipais ferrovias"](http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html). Ministerio dos Transportes 353\. Arquitetura, INBEC Pós-Graduação- Engenharia (4 February 2020). "[Conheça a história da construção do Metrô de São Paulo](https://inbec.com.br/blog/conheca-historia-construcao-metro-sao-paulo)". *INBEC Pós-Graduação*. 354\. Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). "[Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments](https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA48)". Routledge. 355\. "[Relatorio Operacional 2018](https://www.gru.com.br/pt/RelatorioOperacional/2018-12.pdf)". *Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo*. 356\. [Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html) [The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook). Retrieved on 3 April 2012. 357\. ["Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224101/http://www.mzweb.com.br/santosbrasil/web/conteudo_pt.asp?idioma=0&tipo=3958&conta=28), Santos Brasil. 358\. Amato, Fábio (24 March 2013). "[Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC](http://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2013/03/navios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic.html)". *Economia*. 359\. "[Estimativas da população residente para os municípios e para as unidades da federação \| IBGE](https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html)". *www.ibge.gov.br*. 360\. "[Brazilian population likely to start shrinking in 2042](https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/geral/noticia/2024-08/brazilian-population-likely-start-shrinking-2042)". *Agência Brasil*. 23 August 2024. 361\. 2008 PNAD, IBGE. ["População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"](http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1) 362\. ["Brazil population reaches 190.8 million"](http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en) . Brasil.gov.br. 363\. ["Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration"](http://www.migrationinformation.org/profiles/display.cfm?id=311). Migration Policy Institute. 364\. José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, ["Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"](http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf) Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5. 365\. "[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística](http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1275&id_pagina=1)". IBGE. 29 November 1999. 366\. "[Projeção da População do Brasil – Brazil's populational projection](http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1272)". IBGE. 367\. Magno de Carvalho, ["Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"](http://www.observasaude.sp.gov.br/BibliotecaPortal/Acervo/Estrutura_Demogr%C3%A1fica_Brasil.pdf), pp. 7–8. 368\. "[2022 Census: Illiteracy rate falls from 9.6% to 7.0% in 12 years, though inequalities persist \| News Agency](https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-news/2184-news-agency/news/40118-2022-census-illiteracy-rate-falls-from-9-6-to-7-0-in-12-years-though-inequalities-persist)". *Agência de Notícias - IBGE*. 17 May 2024. 369\. PNAD 2008, IBGE. ["Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade"](http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=2&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1). 370\. "[IDBGE](http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm)". IBGE. 2011. 371\. "[Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo](http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855)". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 372\. "[Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil](http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf)". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 373\. "[Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016](ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf)". 374\. "[Brazil Cities by Population 2026](https://worldpopulationreview.com)". *World Population Review*. 375\. 2008 PNAD, IBGE. [link](https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml). 376\. De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). "[Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population](http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf)". *Forensic Science International: Genetics*. 377\. [Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study](http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml). 378\. Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). "[O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas](http://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/5542/1/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf)". Universidade de Brasília. 379\. Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy Fde, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho (2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". *PLOS ONE*. 380\. Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W. (March–April 2009). "[Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs](https://repositorio.ucb.br:9443/jspui/handle/123456789/7489)". *[American Journal of Human Biology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Biology)*. 381\. Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (1 April 2004). "Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?". *Estudos Avançados*. 382\. Callegari-Jacques, S. M.; Grattapaglia, D.; Salzano, F. M.; Salamoni, S. P.; Crossetti, S. G.; Ferreira, M. R. E.; Hutz, M. H. (November–December 2003). "[Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population](http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf)". *[American Journal of Human Biology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Biology)*. 383\. "[Retrato molecular do Brasil](http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Retrato%20molecular%20do%20Brasil@Folha%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo@26-03-2000.htm)". *Publicacoes.gene.com.br*. 384\. Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy (1974). "O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)". *Revista de Saúde Pública*., Table 2, p. 74. 385\. Zirin, 2014. Chapter 2, Section *"The Beginning of the 'Mosaic'* ". 386\. Grün, Roberto (July 1996). "[The Armenian Renaissance in Brazil](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/the-armenian-renaissance-in-brazil/759304E77521DF48F0C1F1DD95C0D3E2)". *The Americas*. 387\. "[The Jewish Community in Brazil](https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-brazil/)". *Beit Hatfutsot*. 388\. Silvia Ferabolli (25 September 2014). "[Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective](https://books.google.com/books?id=R5CbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151)". Routledge. 389\. Paul Amar (15 July 2014). "[The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South](https://books.google.com/books?id=XGKuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40)". Indiana University Press. 390\. Bercito, Diogo (8 June 2021). "[From Beirut to Brazil](https://ccas.georgetown.edu/2021/06/08/from-beirut-to-brazil/)". *CCAS*. 391\. Coelho (1996), p. 268. 392\. Vesentini (1988), p. 117. 393\. Adas, Melhem *Panorama geográfico do Brasil*, 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 ISBN 85-16-04336-3 394\. Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3. 395\. Moreira (1981), p. 108. 396\. Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75. 397\. *Enciclopédia Barsa*, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355. 398\. Azevedo (1971), p. 74. 399\. Azevedo (1971), p. 161. 400\. *Enciclopédia Barsa*, vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265. 401\. ["In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701312.html), *The Washington Post* (8 July 2007). 402\. "[Brazil – Language](http://countrystudies.us/brazil/39.htm)". *countrystudies.us*. 403\. "[Learn About Portuguese Language](http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424)". Sibila.com.br. 25 April 2009. 404\. "[Languages of Brazil](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br)". Ethnologue. 405\. [LEI Nº 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002](https://web.archive.org/web/20100910070529/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/2002/L10436.htm). Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved on 19 May 2012. 406\. [Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005](http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/decreto/d5626.htm). Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 19 May 2012. 407\. Charles J. Russo (2011). "[The Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities: International Perspectives](https://books.google.com/books?id=JuV1cZ7NJHIC&pg=PA45)". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 408\. Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica; Muysken, Peter (2012). "The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide". Walter de Gruyter. 409\. Rohter, Larry (28 August 2005). "[Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 410\. "[O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil](http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html)". DW-World.de. 411\. "[ELB](https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm)". *labeurb.unicamp.br*. 412\. "[Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile](http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html)". Sitoveneto. 413\. Patrick Stevenson (1997). "[The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German](https://books.google.com/books?id=AviTvt-cPaUC&pg=PA39)". Oxford University Press. 414\. Angelini, Andrea (6 September 2018). "[Not just Dante: Italian speaking countries in the world – part two](https://italicsmag.com/2018/09/06/italian-language-countries-world-2)". *Italics Magazine*. 415\. "[The Global Catholic Population](https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/)". [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center). 13 February 2013. 416\. "[Brazil](https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm)". *International Religious Freedom Report*. U.S. Department of State. 8 November 2005. 417\. "[Worldwide Catholic population hits 1.4 billion](https://www.ewtnnews.com/vatican/worldwide-catholic-population-hits-14-billion)". *Catholic News Agency*. 418\. Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (2013). "[Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report](https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT211)". Routledge. 419\. "[Brazil](http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil)". [Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs). 420\. Brian Morris (2006). "[Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction](https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA223)". Cambridge University Press. 421\. William Jeynes; David W. Robinson (2012). "[International Handbook of Protestant Education](https://books.google.com/books?id=NIBlry_2oLQC&pg=PA405)". Springer. 422\. Tautz, Carlos (7 April 2025). "[Como os EUA usaram a religião para combater o comunismo no Brasil](https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/04/07/como-os-eua-usaram-a-religiao-para-combater-o-comunismo-no-brasil/)". *Intercept Brasil*. 423\. Nascimento, Gilberto (2025-10-09). "[Pregadores evangélicos dos EUA invadem o Brasil com a receita que elegeu Trump](https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/10/09/pregadores-evangelicos-eua-invadem-brasil/)". *Intercept Brasil*. 424\. "[2010 census results](ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf)". 425\. See the drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism" for further details. 426\. "[Conservative evangelicals use social media to sway Brazil election](https://restofworld.org/2024/brazil-election-evangelical-youtubers/)". *Rest of World*. 8 July 2024. 427\. Iacomini, Franco (5 March 2024). "[Brazilian Evangelicals Bring Their Political Playbook to Portugal](https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/03/brazilian-evangelicals-politics-po/)". *Christianity Today*. 428\. "[The shared religious roots of twin insurrections in the US and Brazil](https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/01/18/brazil-insurrection-evangelical-christianity/)". *The Washington Post*. 18 January 2023. 429\. "["Religião como fator político está diminuindo", diz especialista à CNN](https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/religiao-como-fator-politico-esta-diminuindo-diz-especialista-a-cnn/)". *CNN Brasil*. 14 February 2025. 430\. Nascimento, Gilberto (2025-07-09). "[Universal e Assembleia de Deus já miram eleição de 2026 de olho na herança de Bolsonaro e em mais poder no Congresso](https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/07/09/universal-assembleia-deus-eleicao-2026-bolsonaro-poder-congresso/)". *Intercept Brasil*. 431\. "[G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo](http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/08/pais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html)". G1.globo.com. 23 August 2011. 432\. "[Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano](https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/senado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783)". [O Globo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Globo). 2009. 433\. "[Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010.](http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7107.htm)". Casa Civil da Presidência da República. 434\. Usa Ibp Usa (2005). "[Brazil: Tax Guide](https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhWjfK8CswC&pg=PA42)". Int'l Business Publications. 435\. "[IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no país, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste](https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/07/15/ibge-analfabetismo-cai-no-pas-mas-fica-estagnado-no-nordeste.ghtml)". *Globo.com*. 15 July 2020. 436\. The Central Intelligence Agency (2010). "[The World Factbook 2010](https://books.google.com/books?id=m-9eSrZtYAAC&pg=PA143)". Potomac Books, Inc.. 437\. World Bank (2001). "[Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Towards an Integrated Strategy](https://books.google.com/books?id=YttV-Ggq90UC&pg=PA40)". World Bank Publications. 438\. Laplane, Mario (14 May 2019). "[Efforts towards inclusion](https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/impact-public-and-private-education-social-inequality-brazil)". *D + C, Development and cooperation*. 439\. "[QS World University Rankings 2024](https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings)". *Top Universities*. 440\. "[ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities](https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023)". *www.shanghairanking.com*. 441\. "[QS University Rankings Latin America](https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2019)". [QS World University Rankings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings). 442\. Gerard Martin La Forgia; Bernard F. Couttolenc (2008). "[Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence](https://books.google.com/books?id=i3R43xW5KqcC&pg=PA17)". World Bank Publications. 443\. "[20 Anos do SUS](http://conselho.saude.gov.br/web_sus20anos/index.html)". Conselho Nacional de Saúde. 444\. Lawrence F. Wolper (2004). "[Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zts-QdpDiWUC&pg=PA33)". Jones & Bartlett Learning. 445\. "[Physicians (per 1,000 people)](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BR)". *World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics*. 446\. "[Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS)". *World Health Organization The World Bank*. 447\. "[Saúde](http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf)". *Radar social*. Ministério do Planejamento. 448\. Ajay Tandon, Christopher JL Murray, Jeremy A Lauer, David B Evans. "[Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries](https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf)". World Health Organization. 449\. Teresa A. Meade (2009). "[A Brief History of Brazil](https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA146)". Infobase Publishing. 450\. David Levinson (1998). "[Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook](https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA325)". Greenwood Publishing Group. 451\. Jeffrey Lesser (2013). "[Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present](https://books.google.com/books?id=HJW029DYOZoC&pg=PA150)". Cambridge University Press. 452\. Freyre, Gilberto (1986). "[The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture](https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022/print)". UNESCO. 453\. Leandro Karnal, *Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI*, São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on [fflch.usp.br](http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm) 454\. ["The Brazilian Baroque"](http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8), *Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural* 455\. Leslie Marsh (2012). "[Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy](https://books.google.com/books?id=I5F7E6BQ5ukC&pg=PA3)". University of Illinois Press. 456\. Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil \[A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil\] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. 457\. Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press. 458\. Guimaraens, Cêça de. [*Arquitetura*](http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm) . Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores. 459\. Claro, Mauro. ["Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade"](http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/drops/09.025/1775). In: *Drops*, 2008; 09 (025.03) 460\. Louzada, Maria Alice & Louzada, Julio. [*Os Primeiros Momentos da Arte Brasileira*](http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp) . Júlio Louzada Artes Plásticas Brasil. Acesso 5 out 2010 461\. Leite, José Roberto Teixeira & Lemos, Carlos A.C. *Os Primeiros Cem Anos*, in Civita, Victor. *Arte no Brasil*. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1979 462\. Biscardi, Rocha 2006 463\. Amaral, Aracy; Kim Mrazek Hastings (1995). "Stages in the Formation of Brazil's Cultural Profile". *Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts*. 464\. Sevcenko, Nicolau. Pindorama revisitada: cultura e sociedade em tempos de virada. Série Brasil cidadão. Editora Peirópolis, 2000. pp. 39–47 465\. Duduka Da Fonseca; Bob Weiner (1991). "[Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset](https://books.google.com/books?id=HuZQUm_hhygC&pg=PA7)". Alfred Music Publishing. 466\. Donna M. Di Grazia (2013). "[Nineteenth-Century Choral Music](https://books.google.com/books?id=qyPz1PUFxW8C&pg=PA457)". Routledge. 467\. "[UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention](http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00101)". Unesco.org. 468\. Larry Crook (2009). "[Focus: Music of Northeast Brazil](https://books.google.com/books?id=Skjwor64MXwC&pg=PA78)". Taylor & Francis. 469\. Peter Fryer (2000). "[Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil](https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye)". Pluto Press. 470\. "[Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ](http://brazilianexperience.com/brazil-from-a-to-z-forro/)". *Brazilian Experience*. 25 December 2015. 471\. "[Jack A. Draper III](https://romancelanguages.missouri.edu/people/draper)". *Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri*. 472\. Draper, Jack A. III (2010). "Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration". Lang. 473\. MacGowan, Chris; Pessanha, Ricardo (1998). "[The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil](https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa)". Temple University Press. 474\. "[Our Patron's History: Awards](https://americanlambada.org/patrons-history)". American Lambada Organization. 475\. MacGowan, Pessanha 1998, p. 6. 476\. Gayle Kassing (2007). "[History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach](https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass)". Human Kinetics 10%. 477\. Michael Campbell (2011). "[Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on](https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT299)". Cengage Learning. 478\. Crocitti, Vallance 2012, p. 360. 479\. ["Brazilian Literature: An Introduction"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html). [Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa](http://ottawa.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/). Visited on 2 November 2009. 480\. [Candido; Antonio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Candido). (1970) *Vários escritos*. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18 481\. Caldwell, Helen (1970) *Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels*. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press. 482\. Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The *Modern Language Journal*, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56 483\. Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, *Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação*, p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998. 484\. Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, *Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003*, p. 288. Routledge, 2004. 485\. Sayers, *Portugal and Brazil in Transitn*, "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999. 486\. Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, *Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States*: "Literature, Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005. 487\. "[Prêmio Camões de Literatura \| Biblioteca Nacional](https://www.bn.br/explore/premios-literarios/premio-camoes-literatura)". *Bn.br*. 488\. "[Quem somos \| Academia Brasileira de Letras](http://www.academia.org.br/academia/quem-somos)". *Academia.org.br*. 3 August 2014. 489\. [Padre Anchieta](http://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/padre-anchieta.htm) *Brasil Escola*. 490\. "[Brazilian Theatre: An Introduction](http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html)". Ambasciata brasiliana a Ottawa. 491\. [O Teatro no Brasil](http://www.arte.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=196) *Secretaria da Educação do Paraná*. 492\. "[Rio the Magnificent (1932)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7Q1kITY168)". *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube)*. 18 April 2008. 493\. Larry, Rohter (9 November 2010). "[Brazil's Best, Restored and Ready for a 21st-Century Audience](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/movies/10cinema.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 494\. Tose, Juliano. "[Editorial](http://www.contracampo.com.br/27/frames.htm)". *Contracampo – revista de cinema*. Revista Contracampo. 495\. "[Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2003) – Rotten Tomatoes](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/city_of_god/#top-critics-numbers)". *[Rotten Tomatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes)*. [Flixster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixster). 17 January 2003. 496\. Ebert, Roger (14 December 2012). "[The best films of the decade](https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-the-decade)". *RogerEbert.com*. 497\. "['I'm Still Here' makes history as first Brazilian film nominated for Best Picture at 2025 Oscars](https://tribune.com.pk/story/2524041/im-still-here-makes-history-as-first-brazilian-film-nominated-for-best-picture-at-2025-oscars)". *[The Express Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Express_Tribune)*. 23 January 2025. 498\. Leite, Marcelo (23 January 2025). "[Oscars 2025: I'm Still Here's Best Picture Nomination Explained (& When You Can Watch It)](https://screenrant.com/im-still-here-movie-oscars-2025-best-picture-nominee-explained/)". *[Screen Rant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant)*. 499\. Davis, Clayton (3 March 2025). "['I'm Still Here' Makes Oscar History as First Brazilian Film to Win International Feature Category](https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/oscars-im-still-here-first-brazilian-film-win-international-feature-1236322916/)". *Variety*. 500\. Barnes, Barnes (2 March 2025). "[Kieran Culkin Wins Best Supporting Actor for 'A Real Pain'](https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/03/02/movies/oscars-academy-awards)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 501\. Berkani, Mohamed (19 May 2025). "[Festival de Cannes 2025: "O agente secreto", extraordinaire plongée dans le Brésil de la dictature militaire des années 1970 dans un passionnant thriller](https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/cinema/festival-de-cannes/critiques/festival-de-cannes-2025-o-agente-secreto-extraordinaire-plongee-dans-le-bresil-de-la-dictature-militaire-des-annees-1970-dans-un-passionnant-thriller_7258776.html)" \[Cannes Film Festival 2025: "The Secret Agent", extraordinary dive into Brazil of the military dictatorship of the 1970s in an exciting thriller\]. *[France Info](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Info)*. 502\. Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría; Enrique Pupo-Walker (1996). "[The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature](https://books.google.com/books?id=97NoYRx96ZAC&pg=PA13)". Cambridge University Press. 503\. Donald H. Johnston (2003). "Encyclopedia of international media and communications". Academic Press. 504\. Jon S. Vincent (2003). "[Culture and Customs of Brazil](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc)". Greenwood Publishing Group. 505\. Bryan McCann (2004). "[Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil](https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca)". Duke University Press. 506\. David Ward (2007). "[Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization](https://books.google.com/books?id=zdEs1Av1CvAC&pg=PA28)". Routledge. 507\. Martin Campbell-Kelly; William F. Aspray; Jeffrey R. Yost; Honghong Tinn; Gerardo Con Díaz (2023). "Computer: A History of the Information Machine". Taylor & Francis. 508\. "[Digital 2025: Brazil](https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-brazil)". *DataReportal – Global Digital Insights*. March 3, 2025. 509\. "[Brazil launches international TV station for Africa](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10152301)". *BBC News*. 25 May 2010. 510\. "[Way of Life](http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html)". *Encarta*. MSN. 511\. Roger, ["Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish"](http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html) braziltravelguide.com. 512\. Cascudo, Luis da Câmara. História da Alimentação no Brasil. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983. 513\. Bayor, Ronald H. (2011). "[Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans](https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&pg=PA181)". Georgia Institute of Technology. 514\. Barbosa, Lívia (2007). "Feijão com arroz e arroz com feijão: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros". *Horizontes Antropológicos*. 515\. Ferraccioli, Patrícia; Silveira, Eliane Augusta da (2010). "[Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine](http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=BDENF&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=18716&indexSearch=ID)". *Rev. Enferm. UERJ*. 516\. Freyre, Gilberto. Açúcar. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1997. 517\. "[Futebol, o esporte mais popular do Brasil, é destaque no Via Legal](http://justica-federal.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal)". Jusbrasil.com.br. 518\. "[Football in Brazil](https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html)". *Goal Programme*. International Federation of Association Football. 15 April 2008. 519\. Zirin, 2014. Chapter 4 *"Futebol: The Journey from Daring to Fear"* 520\. Donaldson, Gerald. "[Emerson Fittipaldi](http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/282/)". *Hall of Fame*. The Official Formula 1 Website. 521\. Donaldson, Gerald. "[Nelson Piquet](http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/)". *Hall of Fame*. The Official Formula 1 Website. 522\. Donaldson, Gerald. "[Ayrton Senna](http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/)". *Hall of Fame*. The Official Formula 1 Website. 523\. "[Beach Soccer](https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html)". International Federation of Association Football. 524\. "[Futsal](https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html)". International Federation of Association Football. 525\. "[The art of capoeira](http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeira_feature.shtml)". BBC. 20 September 2006. 526\. "[Brazilian Vale Tudo](http://valetudo.com.br/)". I.V.C. 527\. "[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation](http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm)". [International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation). 528\. "[1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil](https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html)". *Previous FIFA World Cups*. International Federation of Association Football. 529\. "[2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil](https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html)". International Federation of Association Football. 530\. "[The Official Formula 1 Website](http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html)". [Formula One Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_Administration). 531\. Ming Li; Eric W. MacIntosh; Gonzalo A. Bravo (2011). "[International Sport Management](https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&pg=PA129)". Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University. 532\. ["Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio"](https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele), *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*, 2 October 2009. 533\. "[FIBA World Championship History (pdf)](http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf)". [FIBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA). 1 January 2007. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/) … [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/page/6/) **7** - ← previous: [page 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Brazil/page/6/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)