---
title: Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreig… — Bucharest · tree and pragmatics
description: Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities. Who acts: city, foreign students. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Bucharest» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Bucharest, sentence 392

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From Wikipedia, [«Bucharest»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.

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**Who acts:** city, foreign students · **What happens:** have, increase, enrol · **To what, where:** numbers, universities

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bucharest». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city, foreign students), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bucharest:392
# text = Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.
1	Also	also	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	recent	recent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	increasing	increase	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	_
12	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	foreign	foreign	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
16	enrolling	enrol	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	universities	university	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | the city |  |  |  | year |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **increase** | gerund | the city *not said here* | numbers of foreign students |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer number=Patient |
| 3 | **enrol** | gerund | foreign students *not said here* |  |  | number's universities |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bucharest», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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