---
title: Particulate levels are the highest in Europe, especially in urban ar… — Bulgaria · tree and pragmatics
description: Particulate levels are the highest in Europe, especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations. Who acts: Particulate levels. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Bulgaria» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Bulgaria, sentence 176

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From Wikipedia, [«Bulgaria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Particulate levels are the highest in Europe, especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations.

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**Who acts:** Particulate levels · **What happens:** be, affect, base · **To what, where:** Europe, urban areas

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bulgaria». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Particulate levels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bulgaria:176
# text = Particulate levels are the highest in Europe, especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations.
1	Particulate	particulate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	levels	level	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	urban	urban	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	areas	area	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	parataxis	_	_
13	affected	affect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	automobile	automobile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	based	base	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	amod	_	_
21	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	stations	station	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Particulate levels |  |  | Europe |  | urban areas *parataxis*; high *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **affect** | participle |  | urban areas *not said here* |  |  |  | by automobile traffic and based power stations | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **base** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | coal *compound* | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bulgaria», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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