---
title: It has had negative population growth since 1989, when the post-Cold… — Bulgaria · tree and pragmatics
description: It has had negative population growth since 1989, when the post-Cold War economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave. Who acts: density, post-Cold. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Bulgaria» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Bulgaria, sentence 369

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From Wikipedia, [«Bulgaria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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It has had negative population growth since 1989, when the post-Cold War economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave.

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**Who acts:** density, post-Cold · **What happens:** have, cause · **To what, where:** negative population growth, lasting emigration wave

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Bulgaria». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (density, post-Cold), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Bulgaria:369
# text = It has had negative population growth since 1989, when the post-Cold War economic collapse caused a long-lasting emigration wave.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	negative	negative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	since	since	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	1989	1989	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	post-Cold	post-cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
13	War	War	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
14	economic	economic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	collapse	collapse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
16	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
18	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	lasting	lasting	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	emigration	emigration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	wave	wave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | density | negative population growth |  |  | since 1989 |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent growth=Patient |
| 2 | **cause** | past | the post-Cold | a lasting emigration wave |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition wave=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Bulgaria», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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