---
title: Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in pa… — Burkina Faso · tree and pragmatics
description: Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure. Who acts: Challenges. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Burkina Faso» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Burkina Faso, sentence 346

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From Wikipedia, [«Burkina Faso»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure.

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**Who acts:** Challenges · **What happens:** remain, pay, rely, expand · **To what, where:** infrastructure

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Burkina Faso». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Challenges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Burkina_Faso:346
# text = Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure.
1	Challenges	challenge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	remain	remain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	including	including	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	among	among	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	det	_	_
8	customers	customer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	paying	pay	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	services	service	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	need	need	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	rely	rely	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	acl	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	international	international	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	aid	aid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	expand	expand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	_
24	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | present | Challenges |  |  |  |  | including difficulties among some customers; the need *parataxis* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **pay** | gerund | Challenges *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for services | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for service=Theme |
| 3 | **rely** | to-infinitive | Challenges *not said here* |  |  |  |  | on international aid | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent on aid=Theme |
| 4 | **expand** | to-infinitive | Challenges *not said here* | aid's infrastructure |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent infrastructure=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Burkina Faso», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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