---
title: Studies since 2007 have shown Burundians to have extremely poor leve… — Burundi · tree and pragmatics
description: Studies since 2007 have shown Burundians to have extremely poor levels of satisfaction with life; the World Happiness Report 2018 rated them the world's least happy. Who acts: Studies, World Happiness Report. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Burundi» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Burundi, sentence 304

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From Wikipedia, [«Burundi»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Studies since 2007 have shown Burundians to have extremely poor levels of satisfaction with life; the World Happiness Report 2018 rated them the world's least happy.

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**Who acts:** Studies, World Happiness Report · **What happens:** show, have, rate · **To what, where:** poor levels, levels

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Burundi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Studies, World Happiness Report), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Burundi:304
# text = Studies since 2007 have shown Burundians to have extremely poor levels of satisfaction with life; the World Happiness Report 2018 rated them the world's least happy.
1	Studies	study	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	since	since	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	2007	2007	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	Burundians	Burundian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	obl:agent	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
9	extremely	extremely	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	levels	level	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	satisfaction	satisfaction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
18	World	World	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
19	Happiness	Happiness	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	Report	Report	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
21	2018	2018	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	20	flat	_	_
22	rated	rate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
23	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	's	's	PART	POS	_	25	case	_	_
27	least	least	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	28	advmod	_	_
28	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present · perfect | Studies since 2007 |  |  |  |  | Burundians *obl:agent* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | to-infinitive | Studies since 2007 *not said here* | poor levels of satisfaction with life |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent level=Patient |
| 3 | **rate** | past | the World Happiness Report | levels *= level* |  |  |  |  | vn price-54.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Burundi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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