---
title: The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople… — Cairo · tree and pragmatics
description: The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the Mediterranean. Who acts: city, 
---

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# Cairo, sentence 131

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From Wikipedia, [«Cairo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the Mediterranean.

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**Who acts:** city, migration, Cairo · **What happens:** be, not be, consist, grow · **To what, where:** empire, primary source, 18th century, Mediterranean

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Cairo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city, migration, Cairo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Cairo:131
# text = The city was the second-largest in the empire, behind Constantinople, and, although migration was not the primary source of Cairo's growth, twenty percent of its population at the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from around the Mediterranean.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	largest	large	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	empire	empire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Constantinople	Constantinople	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
17	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
18	migration	migration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
20	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	primary	primary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	Cairo	Cairo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	's	's	PART	POS	_	25	case	_	_
27	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	nummod	_	_
30	percent	percent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	appos	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	33	nmod:poss	_	_
33	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
34	at	at	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
39	18th	18th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	40	amod	_	_
40	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
41	consisted	consist	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	40	acl	_	_
42	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
43	religious	religious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
44	minorities	minority	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	obl	_	_
45	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	46	cc	_	_
46	foreigners	foreigner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	conj	_	_
47	from	from	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
48	around	around	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	Mediterranean	Mediterranean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the city |  |  | the empire |  | behind Constantinople; large *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **is a** | past | migration | the primary source |  |  |  | of Cairo's growth; twenty percent of migration's population at the end of the 18th century *appos* | tree rules |
| 3 | **consist** | participle |  | the 18th century *not said here* |  | the Mediterranean |  | of religious minorities and foreigners | tree rules |
| 4 | **grow** |  | Cairo |  |  |  |  |  | nom growth «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Cairo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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