---
title: The areas around the old walled city and around the Citadel are char… — Cairo · tree and pragmatics
description: The areas around the old walled city and around the Citadel are characterised by hundreds of mosques, tombs, madrasas, mansions, caravanserais, and fortifications dating from the Islamic era and are often referred to as "Islamic Cairo", especially in English travel literature. Who acts: areas, hundr
---

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# Cairo, sentence 460

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From Wikipedia, [«Cairo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The areas around the old walled city and around the Citadel are characterised by hundreds of mosques, tombs, madrasas, mansions, caravanserais, and fortifications dating from the Islamic era and are often referred to as "Islamic Cairo", especially in English travel literature.

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**Who acts:** areas, hundreds, fortifications · **What happens:** wall, characteris, date, refer · **To what, where:** city, Citadel, Islamic era

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Cairo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (areas, hundreds, fortifications), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Cairo:460
# text = The areas around the old walled city and around the Citadel are characterised by hundreds of mosques, tombs, madrasas, mansions, caravanserais, and fortifications dating from the Islamic era and are often referred to as "Islamic Cairo", especially in English travel literature.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	areas	area	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	around	around	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nmod	_	_
6	walled	wall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
9	around	around	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Citadel	Citadel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	characterised	characteris	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	mosques	mosque	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	tombs	tomb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	madrasas	madrasa	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	mansions	mansion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	caravanserais	caravanserai	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	fortifications	fortification	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	parataxis	_	_
29	dating	date	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	28	acl	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	Islamic	Islamic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
35	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	aux:pass	_	_
36	often	often	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	_
37	referred	refer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	conj	_	_
38	to	to	ADP	IN	_	37	obl	_	_
39	as	as	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
40	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	42	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	Islamic	Islamic	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	42	amod	_	_
42	Cairo	Cairo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	42	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
45	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
46	in	in	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
47	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	compound	_	_
48	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	49	compound	_	_
49	literature	literature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wall** | past | the areas around the old | city |  |  |  | fortifications *parataxis* | tree rules |
| 2 | **characteris** | present · passive | hundreds of mosques and tombs and madrasas and mansions and caravanserais |  |  | the Citadel |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **date** | gerund | fortifications *not said here* |  |  | the Islamic era |  |  | vn marry-36.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **refer** | present · passive | fortifications *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as Islamic Cairo and English travel literature; often *property* | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme» |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Cairo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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