---
title: The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by Salah al-Din in 1176 A… — Cairo · tree and pragmatics
description: The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by Salah al-Din in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the Muqattam Hills as part of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and Fustat to the southwest. Who acts: Citadel, fortified enclosure. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Cairo» with its dependency 
---

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# Cairo, sentence 482

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From Wikipedia, [«Cairo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by Salah al-Din in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the Muqattam Hills as part of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and Fustat to the southwest.

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**Who acts:** Citadel, fortified enclosure · **What happens:** fortify, be, begin, hill, protect · **To what, where:** fortified enclosure, 1176 AD, Cairo

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Cairo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Citadel, fortified enclosure), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Cairo:482
# text = The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by Salah al-Din in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the Muqattam Hills as part of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and Fustat to the southwest.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Citadel	Citadel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	enclosure	enclosure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
7	begun	begin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Salah	Salah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	al	Al	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	Din	Din	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	1176	1176	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	AD	ad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	outcrop	outcrop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	Muqattam	Muqattam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	Hills	hill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
23	as	as	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
27	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
28	defensive	defensive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
30	to	to	PART	TO	_	31	mark	_	_
31	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	advcl	_	_
32	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	33	det	_	_
33	Cairo	Cairo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	obj	_	_
34	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
38	Fustat	fustat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	conj	_	_
39	to	to	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	southwest	southwest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the Citadel | a fortified enclosure |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **begin** | participle |  | a fortified enclosure *not said here* |  | 1176 AD on a outcrop of the Muqattam |  | by Salah and Din | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **hill** | present | a fortified enclosure |  |  |  |  | as part of a large defensive system | tree rules |
| 5 | **protect** | to-infinitive | a fortified enclosure *not said here* |  | both Cairo |  |  | to the north and Fustat; to the southwest | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cairo=Beneficiary |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Cairo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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