---
title: Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against… — Cape Verde · tree and pragmatics
description: Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combatting international drug trafficking. Who acts: Guard. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Cape Verde» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Cape Verde, sentence 86

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From Wikipedia, [«Cape Verde»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combatting international drug trafficking.

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**Who acts:** Guard · **What happens:** have, fight, turn, combatt, battle · **To what, where:** only battles, war, efforts, international drug trafficking

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Cape Verde». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Guard), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Cape_Verde:86
# text = Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combatting international drug trafficking.
1	Having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	battles	battle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	independence	independence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
11	against	against	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Portugal	Portugal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	between	between	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	1974	1974	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	1975	1975	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	efforts	effort	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
22	Cape	Cape	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	flat	_	_
23	Verdean	Verdean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
24	armed	armed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	_
26	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
28	to	to	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
29	combatting	combatt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	27	advcl	_	_
30	international	international	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
31	drug	drug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	compound	_	_
32	trafficking	trafficking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fight** | past |  | Guard's only battles |  | the war |  | for independence against Portugal; between 1974 | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent battle=Co-Agent |
| 3 | **turn** | present · perfect |  | the efforts |  |  |  | of the Verdean armed forces | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme of force=Trajectory |
| 4 | **combatt** | gerund |  | international drug trafficking |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **battle** |  | Guard |  |  |  |  |  | nom battle «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Cape Verde», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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