---
title: The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave labor until… — Caracas · tree and pragmatics
description: The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave labor until the 1650s, when an alhorra blight, the Mexican Inquisition of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in Guayaquil greatly affected the market. Who acts: city, Mexican Inquisition, alhorra blight. A sentence
---

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# Caracas, sentence 37

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From Wikipedia, [«Caracas»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave labor until the 1650s, when an alhorra blight, the Mexican Inquisition of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in Guayaquil greatly affected the market.

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**Who acts:** city, Mexican Inquisition, alhorra blight · **What happens:** be, operate, increase, affect · **To what, where:** cacao, cacao production, Guayaquil, market

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Caracas». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (city, Mexican Inquisition, alhorra blight), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Caracas:37
# text = The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave labor until the 1650s, when an alhorra blight, the Mexican Inquisition of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in Guayaquil greatly affected the market.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	successful	successful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	operated	operate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	cacao	cacao	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	slave	slave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	labor	labor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
12	until	until	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	1650s	1650	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
16	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	38	advmod	_	_
17	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	alhorra	alhorra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	blight	blight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	Mexican	Mexican	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	Inquisition	Inquisition	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	appos	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
28	Portuguese	portuguese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	increased	increase	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	acl:relcl	_	_
33	cacao	cacao	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	compound	_	_
34	production	production	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	Guayaquil	Guayaquil	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
37	greatly	greatly	ADV	RB	_	38	advmod	_	_
38	affected	affect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	market	market	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the city |  |  |  |  | successful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **operate** | participle | the city *not said here* |  |  | cacao and slave labor | until the 1650s |  | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **increase** | past | the Mexican Inquisition *not said here* | cacao production |  | Guayaquil |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer production=Patient |
| 4 | **affect** | past | a alhorra blight | the market |  |  |  | greatly *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus market=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Caracas», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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