---
title: The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since it… — Colombia · tree and pragmatics
description: The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. Who acts: United States, U.S. government, Organization. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Colombia» w
---

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# Colombia, sentence 135

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From Wikipedia, [«Colombia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia.

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**Who acts:** United States, U.S. government, Organization · **What happens:** be, encourage, attack, begin · **To what, where:** conflict, Colombian military, early 1960s, leftist militias, rural Colombia

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Colombia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (United States, U.S. government, Organization), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Colombia:135
# text = The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	United	United	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	States	State	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
6	heavily	heavily	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	involved	involved	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	conflict	conflict	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	since	since	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	beginnings	beginning	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
15	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	23	advmod	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	1960s	1960s	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	23	obl	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	U.S.	U.S.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
23	encouraged	encourage	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	Colombian	Colombian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	military	military	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	attack	attack	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	advcl	_	_
29	leftist	leftist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	militias	militia	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obj	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	rural	rural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	Colombia	Colombia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present · perfect | the United States |  |  | the conflict since Organization's beginnings |  | heavily, involved *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **encourage** | past | the U.S. government | the Colombian military |  | the early 1960s |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent military=Theme |
| 3 | **attack** | to-infinitive | the U.S. government *not said here* | leftist militias |  | rural Colombia |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent militia=Patient |
| 4 | **begin** |  | Organization |  |  |  |  |  | nom beginning «event transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Colombia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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