---
title: Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, an… — Colombia · tree and pragmatics
description: Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by the African diaspora, as well as with those of Indigenous civilizations that predate colo
---

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# Colombia, sentence 7

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From Wikipedia, [«Colombia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by the African diaspora, as well as with those of Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization.

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**Who acts:** Indigenous civilizations · **What happens:** include, reflect, fuse, bring, predate · **To what, where:** history, cultural elements, colonization, rich cultural heritage

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Colombia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indigenous civilizations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Colombia:7
# text = Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by the African diaspora, as well as with those of Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization.
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	cultural	cultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	heritage	heritage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	including	include	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	case	_	_
7	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	religion	religion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	cuisine	cuisine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	reflects	reflect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
17	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	colony	colony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	fusing	fuse	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
24	cultural	cultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obj	_	_
26	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	_
27	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	immigration	immigration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
29	from	from	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
33	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	compound	_	_
34	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
36	with	with	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	23	obl	_	_
38	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	acl	_	_
39	by	by	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
41	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	42	amod	_	_
42	diaspora	diaspora	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
44	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	48	cc	_	_
45	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	44	fixed	_	_
46	as	as	ADP	IN	_	44	fixed	_	_
47	with	with	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
48	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	37	conj	_	_
49	of	of	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	amod	_	_
51	civilizations	civilization	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	48	nmod	_	_
52	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	53	nsubj	_	_
53	predate	predate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	51	acl:relcl	_	_
54	colonization	colonization	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	53	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **reflect** | present |  | District's history |  |  |  | as a colony | tree rules |
| 3 | **fuse** | gerund |  | cultural elements |  |  |  | with those with those of Indigenous civilizations | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent element=Patient with that=Co-Patient |
| 4 | **bring** | participle |  | cultural elements *not said here* |  |  |  | by immigration from Europe and the Middle East | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **bring** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by the African diaspora | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **predate** | present | Indigenous civilizations | colonization |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme colonization=Co-Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Colombia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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