---
title: Urbanization during the colonial period was marked by forms of racia… — Dakar · tree and pragmatics
description: Urbanization during the colonial period was marked by forms of racial and social segregation—often expressed in terms of health and hygiene—which continue to structure the city today. Who acts: forms. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Dakar» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Dakar, sentence 47

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From Wikipedia, [«Dakar»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Urbanization during the colonial period was marked by forms of racial and social segregation—often expressed in terms of health and hygiene—which continue to structure the city today.

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**Who acts:** forms · **What happens:** mark, express, continue, structure, form, term · **To what, where:** Urbanization, terms, city, racial segregation, health

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Dakar». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (forms), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Dakar:47
# text = Urbanization during the colonial period was marked by forms of racial and social segregation—often expressed in terms of health and hygiene—which continue to structure the city today.
1	Urbanization	urbanization	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	during	during	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	colonial	colonial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	marked	mark	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	racial	racial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	social	social	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	segregation	segregation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	often	often	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	expressed	express	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	health	health	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	hygiene	hygiene	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	26	nsubj	_	_
26	continue	continue	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	structure	structure	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	xcomp	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mark** | past · passive | forms of racial segregation | Urbanization during the colonial period |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Destination |
| 2 | **express** | participle | forms of racial segregation *not said here* |  |  | terms of health and hygiene |  | often *property* | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **continue** | present |  |  |  |  |  | which *nsubj* | vn continue-55.3 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **structure** | to-infinitive |  | the city |  |  | today |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **form** |  |  | racial segregation |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 6 | **term** |  |  | health and hygiene |  |  |  |  | nom term «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Dakar», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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