--- title: Dushanbe — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 5 description: Wikipedia's «Dushanbe», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Dushanbe is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. as of 2023 February, Dushanbe had a population of 1,228,400, with this population being largely Tajik. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Dushanbe/page/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Dushanbe # Dushanbe · page 5 From Wikipedia, [«Dushanbe»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Dushanbe/) … [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Dushanbe/page/4/) **5** Continuing with a nationalist tradition, Tajik classics were made into plays.[398](../../398/ "tree and pragmatics") During World War 2, plays were focused on the war and historical themes from the 1950s onward.[399](../../399/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 70s and 80s foreign plays, like [Oedipus Rex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_Rex), were introduced to Dushanbe.[400](../../400/ "tree and pragmatics") After independence, plays focused primarily on the devastating civil war.[\[223\]](../../page/5/#ref-223 "note 223")[\[213\]](../../page/5/#ref-213 "note 213")[401](../../401/ "tree and pragmatics") Today, some theaters are the Tajik Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, the State Russian Drama Theater, the youth theater, the State Experimental Theater, and the republican puppet theater.[\[213\]](../../page/5/#ref-213 "note 213")[402](../../402/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Mayakovsky Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakovsky_Theatre_%28Dushanbe%29) was Tajikistan's oldest theatre and last surviving Russian-language theatre company; it was demolished in 2016 as part of the government's wholesale destruction of numerous 20th-century buildings of historical and architectural interest.[\[224\]](../../page/5/#ref-224 "note 224")[403](../../403/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature The first printing press in Tajikistan was created in August 1924, the Tajik State Publishing House, the Donish Publishing House was founded in 1944.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[404](../../404/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1925 4 books were printed, which grew to 13 in 1926.[405](../../405/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1930, Sadriddin Ayni wrote the first Tajik novel, Dokhunda.[\[226\]](../../page/5/#ref-226 "note 226")[406](../../406/ "tree and pragmatics") Publishing houses established in 1934 and the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan publishing house dramatically increased book production in the city.[\[227\]](../../page/5/#ref-227 "note 227")[407](../../407/ "tree and pragmatics") The Maorif Publishing House was created in 1975.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[408](../../408/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2004, there were 30 publishing companies in the city.[\[227\]](../../page/5/#ref-227 "note 227")[409](../../409/ "tree and pragmatics") Dushanbe became the center of Tajik literature in the 1920s with figures such as [Sadriddin Ayni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni), [Abolqasem Lahouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti), and Payrav Sulaymoni along with new Soviet literature calling for revolution and social equality and Tajik nationalist literature.[410](../../410/ "tree and pragmatics") Children's books and translated works also had their beginnings in this period.[411](../../411/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1930s, young Russian writers influenced the literature of the city, part of the "Komsomol generation."[412](../../412/ "tree and pragmatics") The themes often touched on the rapid development of Dushanbe during the 30s.[\[223\]](../../page/5/#ref-223 "note 223")[413](../../413/ "tree and pragmatics") During World War 2, literature shifted towards patriotic and militaristic themes of protecting the motherland in shorter formats than novels.[414](../../414/ "tree and pragmatics") Messages from the frontlines and satires became popular.[415](../../415/ "tree and pragmatics") Russian literature also became known, partially due to the movement of factories and people from the [frontlines of the war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29) to the east.[416](../../416/ "tree and pragmatics") After the war, prose works and poetry, with poets like [Mirzo Tursunzoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda), became more popular along with the continuation of genres from previous decades.[417](../../417/ "tree and pragmatics") Literary criticism developed along with analysis of individual writers.[\[223\]](../../page/5/#ref-223 "note 223")[418](../../418/ "tree and pragmatics") From the 1950s, the historical revolutionary genre developed, prompting authors to use history for inspiration.[419](../../419/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 60s the new genre of science fiction began in the city with writers like [Mirsaid Mirshakar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsaid_Mirshakar).[420](../../420/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 70s and 80s the themes of disorder gained more prominence, not coincidentally soon before the Soviet Union's collapse.[421](../../421/ "tree and pragmatics") In poetry, civic and philosophical lyrical themes were most popular.[\[223\]](../../page/5/#ref-223 "note 223")[422](../../422/ "tree and pragmatics") After independence, previously forbidden subjects like religion started to appear in literature, along with reflections on the civil war and a more international scene has developed in the city.[\[223\]](../../page/5/#ref-223 "note 223")[423](../../423/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Visual arts Sculpture was first introduced to Dushanbe in the 1920s and throughout the Soviet period was focused on combining modern culture and a classical heritage.[424](../../424/ "tree and pragmatics") Modern sculpture mainly has historical subjects like [Firdavsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi), [Shah Anushirvan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_I), or [Ismail Samani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Samani), often to commemorate Tajik nationhood and ethnicity by looking to past Achaemenid and Samanid figures.[\[118\]](../../page/5/#ref-118 "note 118")[\[71\]](../../page/5/#ref-71 "note 71")[425](../../425/ "tree and pragmatics") Painting in Dushanbe took off when Russian painters moved to this city in the 20s and 30s.[426](../../426/ "tree and pragmatics") By the 50s, Tajik artists started to paint.[427](../../427/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1960s, the severe style \[[ru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru:Суровый_стиль)\] grew and in the 70s and 80s a focus on [Tajik heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan) and [nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism) was predominant.[428](../../428/ "tree and pragmatics") In the late 80s, however, painting shifted from a focus on historical figures to emotional depth and personality.[429](../../429/ "tree and pragmatics") During the civil war, a theme of conflict in painting developed.[\[118\]](../../page/5/#ref-118 "note 118")[430](../../430/ "tree and pragmatics") Sabzali Sharipov's black and white series, for example, was devoted to the civil war.[\[228\]](../../page/5/#ref-228 "note 228")[431](../../431/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Film See also: [Cinema of Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan) Cinema in Dushanbe started in the 1930s with the creation of film studios and cinemas by the Soviet government, although the first cinema was created in 1927 where residents watched Nibelung by [Frits Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang).[432](../../432/ "tree and pragmatics") [Komil Yarmatov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Yarmatov) was the first prominent Tajik film director.[433](../../433/ "tree and pragmatics") Documentaries were also popular in this period, and the first [feature film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film) appeared in 1938.[434](../../434/ "tree and pragmatics") In World War 2, feature film production in Dushanbe was suspended due to lack of supplies.[435](../../435/ "tree and pragmatics") After the war, more feature films were developed, with many movies attempting to create a portrait of the city.[436](../../436/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1980s a new generation of filmmakers brought new values such a pluralism into the theater, which led to some films focusing on the truth of Soviet history.[437](../../437/ "tree and pragmatics") During the civil war, the landscape changed dramatically.[438](../../438/ "tree and pragmatics") [Tajikfilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikfilm), which formerly had a monopoly on filmmaking, had to shut down, while independent filmmakers chronicled the horrors of the civil war.[\[210\]](../../page/5/#ref-210 "note 210")[\[229\]](../../page/5/#ref-229 "note 229")[439](../../439/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Gymnastics, equestrian sports and athletics were practiced in 1923 at the Dushanbe sports club and in 1929 tennis was introduced.[440](../../440/ "tree and pragmatics") The All-Tajik [Spartakiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartakiad) was first held in 1934, and in 1939 [Dynamo Dushanbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_Dushanbe) won the quarterfinals of the [Cup of the USSR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Cup).[441](../../441/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1950 the country's soccer team took first place in the [Central Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Games).[\[230\]](../../page/5/#ref-230 "note 230")[442](../../442/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the [Central Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Central_Asian_Games).[443](../../443/ "tree and pragmatics") The most popular sports in Dushanbe are [sambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_%28martial_art%29), [wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling), [judo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo), [karate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate), [taekwondo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo), [artistic gymnastics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics), [weightlifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_%28sport%29), [archery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery), [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sports), [boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing), [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer), [basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball), [diving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_%28sport%29), [tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis), [chess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess), [Buzkashi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzkashi), and [checkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers).[\[230\]](../../page/5/#ref-230 "note 230")[444](../../444/ "tree and pragmatics") Four soccer teams of the [Tajikistan Higher League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan_Higher_League) play in Dushanbe: [CSKA Pamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSKA_Pamir_Dushanbe),[\[231\]](../../page/5/#ref-231 "note 231") [Dushanbe-83](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dushanbe-83),[\[232\]](../../page/5/#ref-232 "note 232") [Istiklol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Istiklol),[\[233\]](../../page/5/#ref-233 "note 233") and [Lokomotiv-Pamir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv-Pamir).[\[234\]](../../page/5/#ref-234 "note 234")[445](../../445/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Pamir Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Stadium) in Dushanbe was constructed in 1939 where [CSKA Pamir Dushanbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSKA_Pamir_Dushanbe) played.[\[235\]](../../page/5/#ref-235 "note 235")[446](../../446/ "tree and pragmatics") On 21 August 2026, the [National Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe_Stadium) was officially opened in Dushanbe.[447](../../447/ "tree and pragmatics") Built to FIFA Category 2 standards, the 33-metre-tall (108 ft) two-tiered arena has a seating capacity of over 30,000 and features a standard 105 x 68 m football pitch.[\[236\]](../../page/5/#ref-236 "note 236")[\[237\]](../../page/5/#ref-237 "note 237")[448](../../448/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Media ### Newspapers and magazines The first newspaper published in Tajik was [Bukhara Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharai-ye-sharif) in [Kagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagan,_Uzbekistan) on 11 March 1912 and published by leaders of the [Jadid movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadid_Movement) like Mirzo Jalol Yusufzoda.[449](../../449/ "tree and pragmatics") The purpose of the newspaper was to "be a scientific, literary, directional, subject, and economic publication that will strive for the spread of civilization and the idea."[450](../../450/ "tree and pragmatics") Soon after, however, [Ivan Petrov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Yefimovich_Petrov) requested that the Emir of Bukhara close the paper, which he did on 2 January 1913.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[451](../../451/ "tree and pragmatics") Oina and Mullo Nasreddin were two of the earliest Tajik language magazines.[452](../../452/ "tree and pragmatics") The Zvezda Vostok magazine was published in Tajik in the early 1920s in support of the [October Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution).[453](../../453/ "tree and pragmatics") The first Soviet newspaper distributed in Tajikistan was Shulai Inkilob (Flame of the Revolution) as propaganda for the Soviet government in 1919.[454](../../454/ "tree and pragmatics") It was distributed throughout Tajikistan and was the main Tajik language newspaper that opposed the previous Emirate and was clearly in support of communism, the October Revolution, and the [Bukharan Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara).[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[455](../../455/ "tree and pragmatics") The first Soviet newspaper published in Tajikistan was Po basmachi which detailed the conditions of the Red Army in Tajikistan in 1923 during the [Basmachi movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi_movement).[456](../../456/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1924, the newspaper Voice of the East (Овози шарк or Голос Востока), the first Soviet government newspaper was published in Dushanbe and was a forum for much of the poetry and literature of the young republic.[457](../../457/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1925, the official newspaper of Soviet Tajikistan was "Bedorii tochik" (Awakening of the Tajiks).[458](../../458/ "tree and pragmatics") An Uzbek-language paper, Red Tajikistan, was published in Tajikistan as well.[459](../../459/ "tree and pragmatics") [Sadriddin Ayni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni) also published many newspapers such as Bukhara News, Horpustak, and Flame of the Revolution.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[460](../../460/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1929, the newspaper Red Tajikistan came into print with a large daily circulation of 5000.[461](../../461/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1930s Komsomolets Tadzhikistana was published as a communist paper intended for the youth of Tajikistan.[462](../../462/ "tree and pragmatics") Many other newspapers were published during this time as well.[463](../../463/ "tree and pragmatics") The press often emphasized the collective farming system and the newspaper Dehkoni Kambagal was popular among farmers.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[464](../../464/ "tree and pragmatics") During World War 2 newspaper production was strained as raw materials became increasingly scarce and their numbers were reduced.[465](../../465/ "tree and pragmatics") After the war, the many newspapers from the 30s began to be produced once again.[466](../../466/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 60s and 70s the newspaper Communist of Tajikistan gained prominence, winning the [Order of the Red Banner of Labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labor).[467](../../467/ "tree and pragmatics") International cooperation was to be emphasized during the time period.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[468](../../468/ "tree and pragmatics") During [perestroika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika), newspapers embraced more liberal and democratic ideas.[469](../../469/ "tree and pragmatics") One of the first to do this was the Komsomol of Tajikistan.[470](../../470/ "tree and pragmatics") Farkhang, a new literary magazine, published national Tajik and Islamic literature banned before such as the [Masnavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnavi).[471](../../471/ "tree and pragmatics") The Sukhan newspaper, published by the Union of Journalists of Tajikistan, was a leading voice for liberalism and perestroika in the republic, writing about topics such as freedom of speech, democratization, and the opposition.[472](../../472/ "tree and pragmatics") The first publication not released by the state was from [Rastokhez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastokhez), printed in Lithuania and delivered to Dushanbe.[473](../../473/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Democratic Party of Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Tajikistan) published a paper, Justice, in Dushanbe as well which had a circulation of 25000.[474](../../474/ "tree and pragmatics") Charogi Ruz, or Light of Day, was the first private publication in Dushanbe, and advertised itself as the free tribune for youth.[475](../../475/ "tree and pragmatics") Free publications such as Oinai zindagi (by trade unions), Somon, Haftgandzh, and others formed.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[476](../../476/ "tree and pragmatics") Today, Charogi Ruz is known for its criticism of the ruling government.[\[238\]](../../page/5/#ref-238 "note 238")[477](../../477/ "tree and pragmatics") In August 1999 there were officially 199 newspapers, although only 17 of those appeared regularly.[478](../../478/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of the most widely circulated national government publications are Dzhumhuriet and Narodna Gazeta.[479](../../479/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition to the state news agency [Khovar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khovar) (News), there are several private newspapers, including [Asia-Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Plus), which regularly publishes in Russian and English and reports on political, social and economic issues, [Jumhuriyat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumhuriyat), and [Khalk ovozi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalk_ovozi).[\[239\]](../../page/5/#ref-239 "note 239")[\[240\]](../../page/5/#ref-240 "note 240")[480](../../480/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2019 there were 37 regular newspapers and 37 magazines published in the city.[\[4\]](../../page/5/#ref-4 "note 4")[481](../../481/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Radio In 1924 a radio station was built in Dushanbe for military communication.[482](../../482/ "tree and pragmatics") On 10 April 1930 the first radio broadcast was heard by civilians in Tajikistan, from Moscow.[483](../../483/ "tree and pragmatics") It functioned as a news source and a source of Soviet propaganda.[484](../../484/ "tree and pragmatics") The first station, in Dushanbe, mainly focused on retransmitted broadcasts from Moscow and radios gradually became more prevalent in the country.[485](../../485/ "tree and pragmatics") While development slowed during World War 2, afterwards Tajikistan received higher [broadband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband) and quality radio stations and broadcasts.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[486](../../486/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1977, locally created radio broadcasts were able to be transmitted from Dushanbe thanks to the construction of the Radio House in the city.[487](../../487/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2000, the Sadoi Dushanbe Radio was created, and today that is one of the four programs broadcast in Dushanbe.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[488](../../488/ "tree and pragmatics") As of August 1999 government radio is broadcast throughout the nation along with independent outlets such as Asia Plus radio.[\[227\]](../../page/5/#ref-227 "note 227")[489](../../489/ "tree and pragmatics") [Radio Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Liberty), the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC), and Sadoi Khuroson are also broadcast in Tajik, although no independent radio stations were in operation.[\[240\]](../../page/5/#ref-240 "note 240")[490](../../490/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Television On 7 November 1959 the first television center was created in the republic, the [Tajik Television Studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizioni_Tojikiston).[491](../../491/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1967 programs from Moscow and Tashkent were broadcast in the country and on 15 November 1975 color television was introduced.[\[225\]](../../page/5/#ref-225 "note 225")[492](../../492/ "tree and pragmatics") As of August 1999 12 to 15 stations broadcast consistently.[493](../../493/ "tree and pragmatics") Many Russian language channels like ORT, RTR, and TV-6 broadcast as well.[\[240\]](../../page/5/#ref-240 "note 240")[494](../../494/ "tree and pragmatics") Today, a greater number of private television stations operate in the city,[\[227\]](../../page/5/#ref-227 "note 227") with 15 in the whole country, although there are still 7 state owned channels.[\[241\]](../../page/5/#ref-241 "note 241")[495](../../495/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Notable people - [Zebo Aminzoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebo_Aminzoda) (born 1948), Tajikistani ballet dancer and choreographer[496](../../496/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Viktor Bout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Bout) (born 1967), Russian convicted arms dealer[497](../../497/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Farruh Negmat-Zadeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruh_Negmat-Zadeh) (born 1959), Tajikistani artist[498](../../498/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Zoya Tajikova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoya_Tajikova) (born 1935), Tajik musicologist[499](../../499/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Vazgen Manasyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazgen_Manasyan) (1958–2024), Tajikistani professional football coach and player of Armenian descent[500](../../500/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Manizha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizha) (born 1991) She represented [Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021).[501](../../501/ "tree and pragmatics") ## International relations ### Twin towns – sister cities See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia § Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Tajikistan) Dushanbe is [twinned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city) with:[\[242\]](../../page/5/#ref-242 "note 242")[502](../../502/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ankara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) [corpus](../../../Ankara/ "in our corpus"), Turkey[503](../../503/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ashgabat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat) [corpus](../../../Ashgabat/ "in our corpus"), Turkmenistan[504](../../504/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Astana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana) [corpus](../../../Astana/ "in our corpus"), Kazakhstan[505](../../505/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Baku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku) [corpus](../../../Baku/ "in our corpus"), Azerbaijan[506](../../506/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado), United States[507](../../507/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Doha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) [corpus](../../../Doha/ "in our corpus"), Qatar[508](../../508/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Hainan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan), China[509](../../509/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Islamabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) [corpus](../../../Islamabad/ "in our corpus"), Pakistan[510](../../510/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Klagenfurt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt), Austria[511](../../511/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lahore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore), Pakistan[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Lusaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka) [corpus](../../../Lusaka/ "in our corpus"), Zambia[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mazar-i-Sharif](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif), Afghanistan[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Minsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk) [corpus](../../../Minsk/ "in our corpus"), Belarus[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Monastir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia), Tunisia[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Qingdao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao), China[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Reutlingen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutlingen), Germany[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg), Russia[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Sanaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa) [corpus](../../../Sanaa/ "in our corpus"), Yemen[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Shiraz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz), Iran[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran) [corpus](../../../Tehran/ "in our corpus"), Iran[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ürümqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ürümqi), China[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Xiamen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen), China[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1982, Mary Hey and Sophia Stoller started an initiative to make Dushanbe a sister city of [Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado) even though during that time they were on opposite sides of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War).[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1987, the mayor of Dushanbe, [Maksud Ikramov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksud_Ikramov), officially made Boulder a sister city of Dushanbe.[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") Exchange students, tourism, and art exchanges began between the two cities.[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Tajik Teahouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe_Tea_House) was sent from Dushanbe to Boulder in 1990.[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") During the [civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War), Boulder sent humanitarian aid to Dushanbe.[\[243\]](../../page/5/#ref-243 "note 243")[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") ### International conferences Many international conferences have been held in Dushanbe, such as the International Conference on Integrated [TB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis) Control in Central Asia[\[244\]](../../page/5/#ref-244 "note 244") and the hosting of the [Shanghai Cooperation Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization) conference in 2000, 2008, and [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_SCO_summit).[\[245\]](../../page/5/#ref-245 "note 245")[\[246\]](../../page/5/#ref-246 "note 246")[\[247\]](../../page/5/#ref-247 "note 247")[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2003, Dushanbe hosted the International Forum on Fresh Water which was attended by 50 states and organizations.[\[248\]](../../page/5/#ref-248 "note 248")[\[249\]](../../page/5/#ref-249 "note 249")[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") From 20 to 23 June 2018 the High-Level International Conference on the International Decade for Action 'Water for Sustainable Development' was held in Dushanbe, which discussed the upcoming decade for action with regards to water.[\[250\]](../../page/5/#ref-250 "note 250")[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") A second conference on the same subject was planned to be held in June 2020.[\[251\]](../../page/5/#ref-251 "note 251")[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") On 16–17 May 2019 a high-level conference entitled "Countering Terrorism and its Financing Through [Illicit Drug Trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illicit_drug_trafficking) and Organized Crime" was held in Dushanbe and attended by more than 50 countries.[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") It passed the Dushanbe declaration, which put the primary responsibility for fighting terrorism onto national governments.[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") Other topics, such as drug smuggling, were also discussed.[\[252\]](../../page/5/#ref-252 "note 252")[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") On 15 June 2019 the fifth summit of the [Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia) was held in Dushanbe.[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") The Asian members of the organization discussed common interests on topics such as peace and security, terrorism, arms control, the [Iran nuclear deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal), poverty, economic development, and [globalization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization).[\[253\]](../../page/5/#ref-253 "note 253")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [List of cities in Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan) [List of squares in Dushanbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Dushanbe) ## External links [Dushanbe pictures through eyes of westerner](http://www.dushanbepics.blogspot.com) [Tajik Web Gateway](http://www.tajik-gateway.org/index.phtml?lang=en&id=893) [Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities](http://www.boulder-dushanbe.org/) [Dushanbe – TimeLapse](http://player.vimeo.com/video/51372590) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Dushanbe/) … [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Dushanbe/page/4/) **5** ## References {#references} 1\. Вечёрка (2020-07-27). "[География Душанбе в цифрах](https://vecherka.tj/archives/45801)". *Вечёрка*. 2\. "[About Dushanbe](https://tj.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/about-dushanbe/)". *U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan*. 3\. M., Davidzon (1983). "Dushanbe, a guide". Raduga. 4\. "[Шиносномаи шаҳр / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе](http://dushanbe.tj/pasport-goroda)". *dushanbe.tj*. 5\. "[Население Таджикистана за год выросло почти на 200 тысяч \| Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus](https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20230828/naselenie-tadzhikistana-za-god-viroslo-pochti-na-200-tisyach)". *asiaplustj.info*. 6\. "[ШУМОРАИ АЊОЛИИ ЉУМЊУРИИ ТОЉИКИСТОН ТО 1 ЯНВАРИ СОЛИ 2022](https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf)". 2022. 7\. "[License Plates of Tajikistan](http://www.worldlicenseplates.com/world/AS_TAJI.html)". *worldlicenseplates.com*. 8\. "[Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab](https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/)". *hdi.globaldatalab.org*. 9\. "[КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН](http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html)". *prokuratura.tj*. Parliament of Tajikistan. 10\. *Душанбе*, duʃæmˈbe; *Душанбе* dʊʂɐnˈbɛ 11\. "[General information about Dushanbe \| Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia](http://www.cicasummit2019.tj/about-tajikistan/general-information-about-dushanbe)". *[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia)*. 2020-07-30. 12\. Saĭmiddinov, Dodikhudo; Kholmatova, S. D .; Karimov, S.; Kapranov, V. A . (2006). "Farḣangi tojikī ba rusī : 70 000 kalima va ibora" \[Tajik-Russian dictionary: 70,000 words and phrases\]. 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"[Ajina Tepe](https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ajina-tepe-the-present-day-name-of-the-mound-covering-the-ruins-of-an-early-medieval-buddhist-monastery-sarigharama)". *Encyclopaedia Iranica*. 40\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 41\. "[Illustrations](https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/02_Illustrations.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y)". 42\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 43\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 44\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 45\. Turekulova, Natalia; Turekulov, Timur (2004–2005). "[Tajikistan: A view from outside](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/heritage/article/download/21047/14817)". *Heritage at Risk*. [ICOMOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOMOS). 46\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 47\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 48\. Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich) (1993). "[Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ](https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf)". Izd-vo "Donish". 49\. "[АҶАБ ШАҲРИ ДИЛОРОЙӢ](http://sadoimardum.tj/minta-a-o/dushanbe/a-ab-sha-ri-diloroj/)" \[The Wonderful City of Dushanbe\]. *Садои мардум*. 2013-04-19. 50\. Abdullaev, Kamoludin (2018). "Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 51\. "[Душанбе (столица Таджикистана)](https://geosfera.org/aziya/tadzhikistan/835-dushanbe-stolica-tadzhikistana.html)". *Планета Земля*. 52\. Rusu, Stefan; Dubovitskiy, Victor (2016). "[Spaces on the Run](https://issuu.com/suhebator/docs/spaces_on_the_run_dag_tj_2015)". Dushanbe Art Ground. 53\. "[Аҷаб шаҳри дилороӣ, Душанбе…](http://tiroz.org/a-ab-sha-ri-diloro-dushanbe/)". *tiroz.org*. 2019-07-19. 54\. "Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡". Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii. 2004. 55\. Becker, Seymour. (1968). "[Russia's protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924.](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004408983)". Harvard University Press. 56\. Morrison, Alexander (2020). "The Russian conquest of Central Asia : a study in imperial expansion, 1814-1914". 57\. "["Русский дом", "Заразка" и "Детский садик" - истории инфекционных больниц Душанбе \| Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus](https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20200603/russkii-dom-zarazka-i-detskii-sadik-istorii-infektsionnih-bolnits-dushanbe)". *asiaplustj.info*. 58\. Вечёрка (2019-07-09). "[Душанбе - столица края](https://vecherka.tj/archives/39028)". *Вечёрка*. 59\. "[A Tomb in Kabul: The Fate of the Last Amir of Bukhara and his country's relations with Afghanistan](https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/regional-relations/a-garden-and-a-tomb-in-kabul-2-the-fate-of-the-last-amir-of-bukhara-and-his-countrys-relations-with-afghanistan/)". *Afghanistan Analysts Network - English*. 2018-12-27. 60\. Bleuer, Christian (2013). "Tajkistan: A Political and Social History.". ANU Press. 61\. M., Davidzon (1983). "Dushanbe, a guide". Raduga. 62\. Projorov, A. M. (1973–1982). "[Great Soviet Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia)". 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"[Душанбе](https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/11494/)". *Электронная еврейская энциклопедия ОРТ*. 71\. Hughes, Katherine (2017-05-22). "[From the Achaemenids to Somoni: national identity and iconicity in the landscape of Dushanbe's capitol complex](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2017.1319796)". *Central Asian Survey*. 72\. "Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡". Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii. 2004. 73\. Times, Walter Duranty Wireless To the New York (1929-10-23). "[Tajikistan Capital Becomes Stalinbad – Change Follows Elevation to Soviet Federal State – Regime Starts by Declaring an Amnesty](https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/23/archives/tajikistan-capital-becomes-stalinabad-change-follows-elevation-to.html)". *The New York Times*. 74\. M., Davidzon (1983). "Dushanbe, a guide". Raduga. 75\. Shermatov, Gafur. "[Столица и ее градоначальники: кто был до Рустама Эмомали](https://news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20170210/stolitsa-i-ee-gradonachalniki-kto-bil-do-rustama-emomali)". *Asia-Plus*. 76\. "[История Душанбе](https://www.tajik-gateway.org/wp/regions/dushanbe/istoriya-dushanbe/)". *Tajik Development Gateway на русском языке*. 77\. DeYoung, Alan J.; Kataeva, Zumrad; Jonbekova, Dilrabo (2018). "25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: Reform and Continuity". Springer International Publishing. 78\. "[CIA Information Report](https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A003900400005-0.pdf)". *CIA*. 79\. "[Дюшамбе - Сталинабад - Душанбе](https://rus.ozodi.org/a/27357969.html)". *Радио Озоди*. 11 November 2015. 80\. 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