--- title: Ecuador — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 6 description: Wikipedia's «Ecuador», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ecuador/page/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Ecuador # Ecuador · page 6 From Wikipedia, [«Ecuador»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ecuador/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ecuador/page/5/) **6** The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population,[\[199\]](../../page/6/#ref-199 "note 199") and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine.[\[199\]](../../page/6/#ref-199 "note 199")[512](../../512/ "tree and pragmatics") Many American medical groups often conduct [medical missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_mission) away from the big cities to provide medical health to poor communities.[513](../../513/ "tree and pragmatics") The public healthcare system allows patients to be treated without an appointment in public general hospitals by general practitioners and specialists in the outpatient clinic (Consulta Externa) at no cost.[514](../../514/ "tree and pragmatics") This is done in the four basic specialties of pediatric, gynecology, clinic medicine, and surgery.[\[200\]](../../page/6/#ref-200 "note 200")[515](../../515/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases, target a particular group of the population, or provide better treatment in some medical specialties.[516](../../516/ "tree and pragmatics") Although well-equipped general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of provinces, there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and [canton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_%28country_subdivision%29) cities for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics, gynecology, clinical medicine, and surgery.[\[200\]](../../page/6/#ref-200 "note 200")[517](../../517/ "tree and pragmatics") Community health care centers (Centros de Salud) are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas.[518](../../518/ "tree and pragmatics") These are day hospitals that provide treatment to patients whose hospitalization is under 24 hours.[\[200\]](../../page/6/#ref-200 "note 200")[519](../../519/ "tree and pragmatics") The doctors assigned to rural communities, where the Amerindian population can be substantial, have small clinics under their responsibility for the treatment of patients in the same fashion as the day hospitals in the major cities.[520](../../520/ "tree and pragmatics") The treatment in this case respects the culture of the community.[\[200\]](../../page/6/#ref-200 "note 200")[521](../../521/ "tree and pragmatics") The public healthcare system should not be confused with the Ecuadorian Social Security healthcare service, which is dedicated to individuals with formal employment and who are affiliated obligatorily through their employers.[522](../../522/ "tree and pragmatics") Citizens with no formal employment may still contribute to the social security system voluntarily and have access to the medical services rendered by the social security system.[523](../../523/ "tree and pragmatics") The Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS) has several major hospitals and medical sub-centers under its administration across the nation.[\[201\]](../../page/6/#ref-201 "note 201")[524](../../524/ "tree and pragmatics") Ecuador currently ranks 20, in most [efficient health care countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems), compared to 111 back in the year 2000.[\[202\]](../../page/6/#ref-202 "note 202")[525](../../525/ "tree and pragmatics") Ecuadorians have a life expectancy of 77.1 years.[\[203\]](../../page/6/#ref-203 "note 203")[526](../../526/ "tree and pragmatics") The infant mortality rate is 13 per 1,000 live births,[\[204\]](../../page/6/#ref-204 "note 204") a major improvement from approximately 76 in the early 1980s and 140 in 1950.[\[205\]](../../page/6/#ref-205 "note 205")[527](../../527/ "tree and pragmatics") Almost a quarter, or 23%, of children under five are chronically malnourished.[\[204\]](../../page/6/#ref-204 "note 204")[528](../../528/ "tree and pragmatics") Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water, and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers.[529](../../529/ "tree and pragmatics") There are 686 malaria cases per 100,000 people.[\[206\]](../../page/6/#ref-206 "note 206")[530](../../530/ "tree and pragmatics") Basic health care, including doctor's visits, basic surgeries, and basic medications, has been provided free since 2008.[\[204\]](../../page/6/#ref-204 "note 204")[531](../../531/ "tree and pragmatics") However, some public hospitals are in poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high demand of patients.[532](../../532/ "tree and pragmatics") Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population.[533](../../533/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 2008 and 2016, new public hospitals have been built.[534](../../534/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2008, the government introduced universal and compulsory social security coverage.[535](../../535/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2015, corruption remains a problem.[536](../../536/ "tree and pragmatics") Overbilling is recorded in 20% of public establishments and in 80% of private establishments.[\[207\]](../../page/6/#ref-207 "note 207")[537](../../537/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Education Main article: [Education in Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador) The Ecuadorian Constitution requires that all children attend school until they achieve a "basic level of education", which is estimated at nine school years.[\[208\]](../../page/6/#ref-208 "note 208")[538](../../538/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 96.9%, and 71.8% of children stayed in school until the fifth grade/age 10.[\[208\]](../../page/6/#ref-208 "note 208")[539](../../539/ "tree and pragmatics") The cost of primary and secondary education is borne by the government, but families often face significant additional expenses such as fees and transportation costs.[\[208\]](../../page/6/#ref-208 "note 208")[540](../../540/ "tree and pragmatics") Provision of public schools falls far below the levels needed, and class sizes are often very large, and families of limited means often find it necessary to pay for education.[\[209\]](../../page/6/#ref-209 "note 209")[541](../../541/ "tree and pragmatics") In rural areas, only 10% of the children go on to high school.[\[210\]](../../page/6/#ref-210 "note 210")[542](../../542/ "tree and pragmatics") In a 2015 report, The Ministry of Education states that in 2014 the mean number of school years completed in rural areas is 7.39 as compared to 10.86 in urban areas.[\[211\]](../../page/6/#ref-211 "note 211")[543](../../543/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador) Ecuador's dominant culture is defined by its [mestizo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo) majority and, like its ancestry, is traditionally of Spanish heritage, influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions and in some cases by Spanish elements non-Europeans and Africans.[544](../../544/ "tree and pragmatics") The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to Ecuador consisted of Spanish colonist, following the arrival of Europeans in 1499.[545](../../545/ "tree and pragmatics") A lower number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, Croatians and some cases from Asia during and after the Second World War.[546](../../546/ "tree and pragmatics") Ecuador's Amerindian communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees,[\[212\]](../../page/6/#ref-212 "note 212") but some may also practice their own native cultures, particularly the more remote Amerindian communities of the [Amazon basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin).[547](../../547/ "tree and pragmatics") Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population and as a first or second language by more than 98%.[548](../../548/ "tree and pragmatics") Part of Ecuador's population can speak [Amerindian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindian) languages; in some cases, they are used as a second language.[549](../../549/ "tree and pragmatics") Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages.[550](../../550/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Art The best known art styles from Ecuador belonged to the [Escuela Quiteña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_Quiteña) (Quito School), which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries, examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito.[551](../../551/ "tree and pragmatics") [Ecuadorian painters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_painters) include [Eduardo Kingman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Kingman), [Oswaldo Guayasamín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasamín), and [Camilo Egas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Egas) from the Indiginist Movement; [Manuel Rendón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Rendón), Jaime Zapata, [Enrique Tábara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Tábara), [Aníbal Villacís](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aníbal_Villacís), [Theo Constanté](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Constanté), [Luis Molinari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Molinari), [Araceli Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceli_Gilbert), [Judith Gutiérrez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Gutiérrez), [Félix Aráuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Aráuz), and [Estuardo Maldonado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuardo_Maldonado) from the Informalist Movement; [Teddy Cobeña](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Cobeña) from expressionism and figurative style[\[213\]](../../page/6/#ref-213 "note 213")[\[214\]](../../page/6/#ref-214 "note 214")[\[215\]](../../page/6/#ref-215 "note 215") and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract, futuristic style.[552](../../552/ "tree and pragmatics") The Amerindian people of Tigua, Ecuador, are also world-renowned for their [traditional paintings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador#Indigenous_art_of_Tigua).[\[216\]](../../page/6/#ref-216 "note 216")[553](../../553/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Ecuadorian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_literature) Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was influenced by the [Spanish Golden Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age).[554](../../554/ "tree and pragmatics") One of the earliest examples is [Jacinto Collahuazo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinto_Collahuazo),[\[217\]](../../page/6/#ref-217 "note 217") an Amerindian chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra, born in the late 1600s.[555](../../555/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Collahuazo learned to read and write in [Castilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language), but his work was written in [Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages).[556](../../556/ "tree and pragmatics") The use of [Quipu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipu) was banned by the Spanish,[\[218\]](../../page/6/#ref-218 "note 218") and in order to preserve their work, many Inca poets had to resort to the use of the Latin alphabet to write in their native Quechua language.[557](../../557/ "tree and pragmatics") The history behind the Inca drama "Ollantay", the oldest literary piece in existence for any Amerindian language in America,[\[219\]](../../page/6/#ref-219 "note 219") shares some similarities with the work of Collahuazo.[558](../../558/ "tree and pragmatics") Collahuazo was imprisoned and all of his work burned.[559](../../559/ "tree and pragmatics") The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later, when a crew of masons was restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript.[560](../../560/ "tree and pragmatics") The salvaged fragment is a Spanish translation from Quechua of the "Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa",[\[217\]](../../page/6/#ref-217 "note 217") a poem written by Collahuazo, which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa.[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits [Juan Bautista Aguirre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aguirre), born in [Daule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daule_Canton) in 1725, and Father [Juan de Velasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Velasco), born in Riobamba in 1727.[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include [Eugenio Espejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Espejo), a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times; [Jose Joaquin de Olmedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Joaquin_de_Olmedo) (born in Guayaquil), famous for his ode to [Simón Bolívar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Bolívar) titled Victoria de Junin; [Juan Montalvo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Montalvo), a prominent essayist and novelist; [Juan Leon Mera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Leon_Mera), famous for his work "Cumanda" or "Tragedy among Savages" and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; Juan A. Martinez with A la Costa; Dolores Veintimilla;[\[220\]](../../page/6/#ref-220 "note 220") and others.[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist [Jorge Enrique Adoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Enrique_Adoum); the poet [Jorge Carrera Andrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Carrera_Andrade); the essayist [Benjamín Carrión](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamín_Carrión); the poets Medardo Angel Silva, Jorge Carrera Andrade, [Emanuel Xavier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Xavier) and [Luis Alberto Costales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Costales); the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist [Jorge Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Icaza) (author of the novel Huasipungo, translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; and the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio.[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music of Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador) The music of Ecuador has a long history.[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") [Pasillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasillo) is a genre of indigenous Latin music.[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") In Ecuador it is the "national genre of music".[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") Through the years, many cultures have brought their influences together to create new types of music.[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also different kinds of traditional music like [albazo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albazo), pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, capishca, [Bomba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_%28Ecuador%29) (highly established in Afro-Ecuadorian societies), and so on.[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") [Tecnocumbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnocumbia) and Rockola are clear examples of the influence of foreign cultures.[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is [Sanjuanito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjuanito).[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") It is originally from northern Ecuador ([Otavalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavalo_%28city%29)-Imbabura).[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") Sanjuanito is a type of dance music played during festivities by the mestizo and Amerindian communities.[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, Sanjuanito was danced by Amerindian people during San Juan Bautista's birthday.[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") This important date was established by the Spaniards on 24 June, coincidentally the same date when Amerindian people celebrated their rituals of [Inti Raymi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Raymi).[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Television in Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Ecuador), [List of newspapers in Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ecuador) ### Cuisine Main article: [Ecuadorian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine) Further information: [List of Ecuadorian dishes and foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorian_dishes_and_foods) [Ecuadorian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine) is diverse, varying with the altitude, associated agricultural and environmental conditions, and [ethnic/racial communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ecuador).[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three-course meal of soup: a course that includes rice and a protein, and then dessert and coffee to finish.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") Agricultural products from the plantations of the [Costa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador#La_Costa), [Sierra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador#La_Sierra), and [Oriente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador#El_Oriente_%28the_East%29_Amazon_Basin) regions are [bananas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana), [cocoa beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean), [coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee), [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane), [potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato), [corn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn), [barley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley), [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice), [wheat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat), and [tropical fruits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fruits).[\[221\]](../../page/6/#ref-221 "note 221")[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") In the coastal region, [seafood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood) is prevalent, with [prepared fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food), [shrimps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp), and [ceviche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche) being an integral part of the diet.[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") [Beef](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef) is also notably consumed in the coastal region; traditional dishes are [churrasco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churrasco) and arroz con menestra y carne asada ([rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) with [beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans) and [grilled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grilling) beef) served with [fried plantain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostones).[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") The latter is an emblematic dish of the city of [Guayaquil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil).[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") Meat-based dishes have their origins in the cattle ranching culture of the [Montubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montubio) people.[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") [Ceviche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceviche) is a staple coastal dish with [pre-Incan origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador).[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") It is often served with [fried plantain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_%28cooking%29) ([chifle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifle) or patacones), [popcorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn), or [tostado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostada_%28tortilla%29).[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") Plantain- and [peanut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut)-based dishes are quite frequent in the coastal region, reflecting the [West African roots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians) of many of its citizens.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") Encocados (dishes that contain a [coconut sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_water)) are also very popular in the northern coast, centering around the city of [Esmeraldas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador).[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") The coast is also a leading producer of [bananas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana), [cocoa beans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean), [prepared fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food), [shrimps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp), [tilapia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia), [mango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango), and [passion fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_edulis), among other [tropical fruits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fruits).[\[221\]](../../page/6/#ref-221 "note 221")[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") [Pan de yuca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_de_yuca), analogous with the Brazilian [pão de queijo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pão_de_queijo), is served with yogur persa and is often eaten as a snack in many coastal cities.[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") Its origin comes from the [Persian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_diaspora) and [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_diaspora) [populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ecuador) that settled on the coastal regions of Ecuador and [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) [corpus](../../../Argentina/ "in our corpus").[\[222\]](../../page/6/#ref-222 "note 222")[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") In the [Amazon region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador#El_Oriente_%28the_East%29_Amazon_Basin), a dietary staple is the yuca, elsewhere called [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava).[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") Many fruits are available in this region, including [bananas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana), [tree grapes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyphostemma_juttae), and [peach palms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes).[\[223\]](../../page/6/#ref-223 "note 223")[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") In the highland region, various dishes of [pork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork), [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken), and cuy ([guinea pig](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pig))[\[224\]](../../page/6/#ref-224 "note 224") are popular, and are usually served with a variety of grains (especially [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice), [mote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mote_%28food%29), and [potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato)).[\[225\]](../../page/6/#ref-225 "note 225")[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") The consumption of cuy is prevalent among the [Indigenous peoples of Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Ecuador), and reflects the predominantly native character of the highlands.[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Sport in Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador) The most popular [sport in Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador), as in most South American countries, is football.[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") Its best known professional teams include; [Emelec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Sport_Emelec) from Guayaquil, [Liga De Quito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDU_Quito) from Quito; [Barcelona S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_S.C.) from Guayaquil, [Independiente del Valle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independiente_del_Valle) from Sangolqui, the most popular team in Ecuador, also the team with most local championships; [Deportivo Quito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Deportivo_Quito), and [El Nacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_El_Nacional) from Quito; [Olmedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Deportivo_Olmedo) from Riobamba; and [Deportivo Cuenca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Cuenca) from Cuenca.[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") Currently the most successful football team in Ecuador is [LDU Quito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDU_Quito), and it is the only Ecuadorian team that has won the [Copa Libertadores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Libertadores); they were also runners-up in the [2008 FIFA Club World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_FIFA_Club_World_Cup).[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Isidro_Romero_Carbo) is the tenth largest football stadium in South America.[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Ecuador national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_national_football_team) has appeared at five [FIFA World Cups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup).[\[226\]](../../page/6/#ref-226 "note 226")[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Ecuador) ## Further reading Ades, H. and Graham, M. (2010) *The Rough Guide to Ecuador*, Rough Guides Becker, M. (2008) *Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador's Modern Indigenous Movements*, Duke University Press Books Becker, M. and Clark, A. K. (2007) *Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador*, University of Pittsburgh Press Blakenship, J. (2005) *Cañar: A Year in the Highlands of Ecuador*, University of Texas Press Brown, J. and Smith, J. (2009) *Moon Guidebook: Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands*, Avalon Travel Publishing Crowder, N. (2009) *Culture Shock! Ecuador: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette*, Marshall Cavendish Corporation Gerlach, A. (2003) *Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador*, SR Books Handelsman, M. H. (2008) *Culture and Customs of Ecuador*, Greenwood Hurtado, O. (2010) *Portrait of a Nation: Culture and Progress in Ecuador*, Madison Books O'Connor, E. (2007) *Gender, Indian, Nation: The Contradictions of Making Ecuador, 1830–1925*, University of Arizona Press Pineo, R. (2007) *Ecuador and the United States: Useful Strangers*, University of Georgia Press Roos, W. and Van Renterghem, O. (2000) *Ecuador in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture*, Latin America Bureau Sawyer, S. (2004) *Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador*, Duke University Press Books Striffler, S. (2001) *In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador – 1900–1995*, Duke University Press Books Torre, C. de la and Striffler, S. (2008) *The Ecuador Reader: History, Culture, Politics*, Duke University Press Books Various (2010) *Insight Guidebook: Ecuador & Galápagos*, Insight Guides Various (2009) *Lonely Planet Guide: Ecuador & the Galápagos Islands*, Lonely Planet Whitten, N. E. (2011) *Histories of the Present: People and Power in Ecuador*, University of Illinois Press Whitten, N. E. (2003) *Millennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural Transformations and Social Dynamics*, University Of Iowa Press ## External links [President of Ecuador](https://web.archive.org/web/20120816030007/http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/) [CIA Library Site: Chief of State and Cabinet Members](https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/ecuador.html) [Ecuador](https://web.archive.org/web/20260114022311/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/). *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). [Ecuador](https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084748/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ecuador.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs [Ecuador profile](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1212882.stm) from the [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ecuador/) … [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ecuador/page/5/) **6** ## References {#references} 1\. "[Proyecciones Poblacionales](https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/proyecciones-poblacionales/)". National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC). 2\. "[Ecuador](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/)". *The World Factbook*. 3\. "[Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador](http://www.ecuanex.net.ec/constitucion/titulo01.html)". 4\. "[Ecuador: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2022](https://www.censoecuador.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/InfoNacionalDatos.pdf)". *censoecuador.gob.ec*. 21 September 2023. 5\. España (1 January 1841). "[Tratado de paz y amistad celebrado entre España y la República del Ecuador: en 16 de febrero de 1840](https://books.google.com/books?id=2CzVyFvAq28C)". en la Imprenta Nacional. 6\. "[Ecuador](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/#geography)". Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. 7\. "[Ecuador country profile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19331501)". BBC News. 11 September 2012. 8\. "[Welcome to Ecuador – Geography](https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/bienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador/)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility. 1 May 2015. 9\. 2023. 10\. "[Inicio](https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/estadisticas/)". *ecuadorencifras.gob.ec*. 11\. "[World Economic Outlook Database, Ecuador](https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ECU)". IMF. April 14, 2026. 12\. "[Gini Index](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=EC)". World Bank. 13\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. 14\. "[Constitución de la República del Ecuador en Shuar](https://issuu.com/direccion.comunicacion/docs/constitucionshuar/13)". *Issuu*. 27 June 2011. 15\. "[¡Iniuri seamkur!, *Ayamrumamu nuyá Iniankasrik Ayamruma Papi*](https://www.inredh.org/archivos/pdf/manual_protectos_shuar.pdf)". INREDH. 16\. /ˈɛkwədɔːr/ *EK-wə-dor*; ekwaˈðoɾ, lit. ‘[Equator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator)’; [Kichwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichwa_language): *Ikwayur*; [Shuar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuar_language): *Ecuador* or *Ekuatur*\[14\]\[15\] 17\. "[Chicham atiakur metek atin turakur, pénke takakainiachu tuke enentaimtusartiniaitji](https://www.planificacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/12/ENIEP-Sutamak-Ch%C3%ADcham-%C3%89tserma-Shuar.pdf)". Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo. 2014. 18\. Pellizzaro, Siro M.; Nàwech, Fàusto Oswaldo (2003). "Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano". Wea Nekaptai. 19\. *República del Ecuador*, reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðoɾ; [Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages): *Ikwayur Ripuwlika* or *Ikwathur Ripuwlika*; [Shuar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuar_language): *Ekuatur Nunka*\[17\]\[18\] 20\. 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"[Ecuador Adopts New Constitution – With CELDF Rights of Nature Language](http://www.celdf.org/Default.aspx?tabid=548)"., Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved 7 September 2009. 25\. Ward, H. Trawick; Davis, R. P. Stephen (1999). "[Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina](https://books.google.com/books?id=0vVOdOSIv_cC&pg=PA2)". UNC Press Books. 26\. Ferdon, Edwin N. (24 June 1966). "[The Prehistoric Culture of Ecuador: Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases . Betty J. Meggers, Clifford Evans, and Emilio Estrada. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1965. 452 pp., $6.75.](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.152.3730.1731)". *Science*. 27\. "[Valdivia Figurines](https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vald/hd_vald.htm)". [Metropolitan Museum of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art). October 2004. 28\. Meggers, Betty J.; Evans, Clifford; Estrada, Emilio (1965). "[Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases](https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/19154)". *Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology*. 29\. "[Valdivia Culture \| EBSCO Research Starters](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/anthropology/valdivia-culture)". EBSCO. 30\. "[Quito History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Quito](https://www.quito.com/v/history/)". *quito.com*. 31\. "[allecuadorandmore.com](https://www.allecuadorandmore.com)". *allecuadorandmore.com*. 2025-02-22. 32\. Sandoval, José R.; Lacerda, Daniela R.; Jota, Marilza M. S.; Robles-Ruiz, Paulo; Danos, Pierina; Paz-y-Miño, César; Wells, Spencer; Santos, Fabrício R.; Fujita, Ricardo (10 September 2020). "Tracing the genetic history of the 'Cañaris' from Ecuador and Peru using uniparental DNA markers". *[BMC Genomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_Genomics)*. 33\. "[Rescuing Cerro Narrío, Cañar Province, Ecuador: Report on Investigations at Cerro Narrío, Ecuador, July 1 to August 15, 2008](https://www.doaks.org/research/pre-columbian/project-grants/raymond-delgado-2008-2009)". Dumbarton Oaks. 34\. Hagen, Victor Wolfgang von, Coe, Michael Douglas, Soustelle, Jacques, Bushnell, Geoffrey H.S., Willey, Gordon R., Patterson, Thomas C., Murra, John V., Sanders, William T.. "pre-Columbian civilizations". Encyclopædia Britannica, 16 May. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations. Accessed 17 May 2025 35\. Rostworowski, María. "Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui". 36\. Rostworowski, María. "History of the Inca Realm". Cambridge University Press. 37\. Prescott, William H. (2011). "[The History of the Conquest of Peru](https://books.google.com/books?id=gVhRtAEACAAJ)". Digireads.com. 38\. Cabello de Balboa, Miguel. "Miscelánea antártica". 39\. Cieza de León, Pedro. "El Señorio de los Incas". 40\. Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. "Historia de los Incas". 41\. Favre, Henri. "Les Incas". Presses Universitaires de France. 42\. Lavilla, E.O. (2004). "[Under the Southern Cross: Stories around Humboldt and Bonpland's trip to the New Continent](http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/laar/v34n4/v34n4a01.pdf)". *Latin American Applied Research*. 43\. "[Ecuador en el día de la Independencia nacional](https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/editoriales/19/ecuador-en-el-dia-de-la-independencia-nacional)". *El Telégrafo*. 10 August 2017. 44\. "[Galápagos celebra un año más de provincialización](https://www.presidencia.gob.ec/galapagos-celebra-un-ano-mas-de-provincializacion/)". Presidencia de la República del Ecuador. 45\. "[Assessment for Blacks in Ecuador](http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=13001)". CIDCM. 46\. Larson, Brooke (19 January 2004). "Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810-1910". Cambridge University Press. 47\. Zook, David H. (1964). "Zarumilla-Marañón: the Ecuador-Peru dispute". Bookman Associates. 48\. Roos, Wilma and van Renterghem, Omer *Ecuador*, New York, 2000, p.5. 49\. "[Uppsala Conflict Data Program – Conflict Encyclopedia, General Conflict Information, Conflict name: Ecuador – Peru, In depth, Background to the 1995 fighting and Ecuador and Peru engage in armed conflict](http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=126®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#)". 50\. "[Apology Of An Economic Hitman (2010)](https://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/apology-of-an-economic-hitman/)". *Films For Action*. 51\. Schnurer, Eric (2 May 2014). "[Outsourcing the Money Supply](https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/eric-schnurer/2014/05/02/why-ecuador-and-other-states-dont-use-their-own-money)". *U.S. News & World Report*. 52\. Kapche, Patrick James (24 May 2019). "[Ecuador's one and only official currency is the US Dollar](https://peopleplacesandthoughts.com/home/2019/5/24/ecuadors-one-and-only-official-currency-is-the-us-dollar)". *People Places and Thoughts*. 53\. "[Ecuador Congress ousts president](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/4/21/ecuador-congress-ousts-president)". Al Jazeera English. 54\. Forero, Juan (22 April 2005). "[Ecuador's New Chief Picks Cabinet; Leftist in Economic Post](https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/world/americas/ecuadors-new-chief-picks-cabinet-leftist-in-economic-post.html)". *The New York Times*. 55\. "[Leftist rolling to victory in Ecuador's presidential race](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-27-fg-ecuador27-story.html)". *Los Angeles Times*. 27 November 2006. 56\. "[Ecuador's new president sworn in](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/1/16/ecuadors-new-president-sworn-in)". Al Jazeera English. 57\. "[Ecuador referendum endorses new constitution](https://www.theguardian.com/global/2008/sep/29/ecuador)". *The Guardian*. 29 September 2008. 58\. *["Avenger against oligarchy" wins in Ecuador](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010140108/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=3622)* [The Real News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_News), 27 April 2009. 59\. Romero, Simon (27 April 2009). "[Ecuador Re-elects President, Preliminary Results Show](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/world/americas/27ecuador.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 60\. "[Most Popular E-mail Newsletter](https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-05-07-ecuador-referendum_n.htm)". *USA Today*. 7 May 2011. 61\. "[Public spending fuels Ecuador leader's popularity](http://voxxi.com/public-spending-fuels-ecuador-leaders-popularity-americas/)". *Voxxi.com*. 25 January 2012. 62\. ["Correa's and Ecuador's Success drive The Economist Nuts"](http://neweconomicperspectives.org/2013/02/correas-and-ecuadors-success-drive-the-economist-nuts.html) . *New Economic Perspectives*. 63\. [Correa wins re-election and says banks and mass media don't rule anymore](http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=9717) . *[The Real News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_News)*. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.; "Unemployment hit a record low of 4.1 percent at the end of last year. Poverty's down about 27 percent since he took office". – [Mark Weisbrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Weisbrot), co-director of [Center for Economic and Policy Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research) 64\. In August 2018, Ecuador withdrew from Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Alba), a regional bloc of leftwing governments led by Venezuela. 65\. "[Équateur : Lenín Moreno et le néolibéralisme par surprise – Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières](http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46999)". *europe-solidaire.org*. 66\. "[Ecuador, Venezuela sever diplomatic ties due to improper accusations](https://en.mercopress.com/2018/10/19/ecuador-venezuela-sever-diplomatic-ties-due-to-improper-accusations)". 67\. "[Outcry as Ecuador allows US military to use Galapagos airstrip](https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/ecuador-galapagos-us-military-scli-intl/index.html)". 18 June 2019. 68\. "[Trump Receives Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno](https://www.latinousa.org/2020/02/13/trumpleninmoreno/)". 13 February 2020. 69\. "[Protesters move into Ecuador's capital; president moves out](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ecuadors-leader-moves-government-seat-clashes-escalate-66134866)". ABC News. 70\. Kueffner, tephan (10 October 2019). "[Ecuador Government Returns to Capital Amid National Strike](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-09/ecuador-government-returns-to-capital-amid-national-strike?srnd=markets-vp)". *Bloomberg*. 71\. "[Ecuador repeals law ending fuel subsidies in deal to stop protests](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50038126)". BBC News. 14 October 2019. 72\. "[Guillermo Lasso: Conservative ex-banker elected Ecuador president](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56713570)". *BBC News*. 12 April 2021. 73\. "[Lasso inaugurated as first right-wing Ecuador president in 14 years](https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210524-lasso-inaugurated-as-first-right-wing-ecuador-president-in-14-years)". *France24*. Agence France Presse. 24 May 2021. 74\. García, Alberto (16 April 2021). "[Lenín Moreno's legacy to Guillermo Lasso in Ecuador](https://atalayar.com/en/content/len%C3%ADn-morenos-legacy-guillermo-lasso-ecuador)". *Atalayar.com*. 75\. "[Ecuador president declares state of emergency over drug violence](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/19/ecuador-president-declares-state-of-emergency-over-drug-violence)". Al Jazeera English. 76\. "[Drug capo among 16 dead in bloody Ecuador prison riot](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/drug-capo-among-16-dead-in-bloody-ecuador-prison-riot/2022/10/04/fc28fee6-443a-11ed-be17-89cbe6b8c0a5_story.html)". *Washington Post*. 77\. "["El partido del presidente Lasso ha tenido un desempeño muy deficiente", dice analista](https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/referendo-ecuador-elecciones-guillermo-lasso-correismo-sot-cafe/)". CNN Español. 6 February 2023. 78\. John, Tara; Alvarado, Abel (15 October 2023). "[Noboa, 35, to become Ecuador's next president following election dominated by spiraling crime](https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/15/americas/ecuador-election-gonzalez-noboa-intl-latam/index.html)". CNN. 79\. "[Business heir Daniel Noboa sworn in as Ecuador president](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/23/millionaire-daniel-noboa-sworn-in-as-ecuador-president)". Al Jazeera English. 80\. "[Ecuador declares war on armed gangs after TV station attacked on air](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67930452)". 9 January 2024. 81\. John, Tara (9 January 2024). "[Ecuador declares 'internal armed conflict' as gunmen take over live TV broadcast](https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/09/americas/armed-men-interrupt-live-tv-ecuador-intl/index.html)". CNN. 82\. "[Daniel Noboa: Centre-right leader wins re-election in Ecuador](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gr8dw20evo)". BBC News. 14 April 2025. 83\. "[Ecuadorian drug lord 'Fito' pleads not guilty after being extradited to New York](https://apnews.com/article/ecuador-drug-gang-leader-fito-macias-arrest-3c3b212c1f2da82cfea8e26169ee7de9)". Associated Press. 2025-07-21. 84\. Cardona, Isa (7 October 2025). "[Five arrested after alleged 'assassination attempt' on Ecuador President Noboa](https://edition.cnn.com/2025/10/07/americas/ecuador-president-noboa-assassination-attempt-latam-intl)". CNN. 85\. "[Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank](https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html)". *Global Hunger Index (GHI)*. 86\. Jornada (2026-05-31). "[ONU: 2.6 millones de personas en Ecuador sufren hambre aguda](https://www.jornada.com.mx/noticia/2026/05/31/mundo/onu-26-millones-de-personas-en-ecuador-sufren-hambre-aguda)". *La Jornada*. 87\. "[Bienvenidos al Ecuador – Geografía – Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana](https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/bienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador/)". 26 January 2020. 88\. Todd, Ian (1974). "[Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama](https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific)". Angus & Robertson. 89\. "[Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania](https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. 90\. Hull, Frank M. (1937). "[A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania](http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf)". Department of Biology, University of Missouri. 91\. Eckert, Scott A.; Alvarado, Javier; Balazs, George H.; Byles, Richard; C. Craig, Peter; Dutton, Peter Howard; L. Eckert, Karen; Engbring, John; Maragos, James E. (1998). "[Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys Imbricata)](https://books.google.com/books?id=si33pkypsggC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22indonesia%22&pg=PA7)". U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 92\. Bequaert, Joseph C. (1941). "[The Hippoboscidae of Oceania](http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op16-11.pdf)". Harvard Medical School. 93\. King, Frank P. (1976). "[Oceania and Beyond: Essays on the Pacific Since 1945](https://books.google.com/books?id=tzMhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22one+might+add+Chile+and+Ecuador%22)". Greenwood Press. 94\. Aldrich, Robert (1993). "[France and the South Pacific Since 1940](https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22south+pacific%22&pg=PA347)". University of Hawaii Press. 95\. Dowl, Aimee (2010). "Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands". 96\. Carvajal, Ana María (10 de enero de 2019). «Quito se convirtió en la ciudad más poblada del Ecuador con más de 3 millones de habitantes en el 2018». El Comercio. Consultado el 11 de enero de 2019. 97\. «Quito es ahora la ciudad más poblada de Ecuador». El Telégrafo. 12 de enero de 2019. Archivado desde el original el 27 de marzo de 2019. Consultado el 12 de enero de 2019. 98\. "[En Equateur, "s'habituer à vivre sans glacier"](https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/06/17/en-equateur-s-habituer-a-vivre-sans-glacier_1734406/)". 99\. [Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir](https://ecuadornoticias.com/plan-nacional-del-buen-vivir/) , Objective 4, Diagnostic, Section "La Biodiversidad y Patrimonio Natural", 2008 (Spanish) 100\. "[Ecuador – Biodiversity Conservation](http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/lac/pdf/518-001.pdf)". USAID. 101\. "[Unesco World Heritage](https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1)". UNESCO. 102\. "[Ecuador's Constitution](http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/ecuador.html)". *Political Database of the Americas*. Georgetown University. 103\. Ministry of the environment of Ecuador, [Protected Areas](http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/?q=node/59,) 104\. Ministry of the environment, [Sociobosque Program](https://web.archive.org/web/20110903214344/http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/?q=node%2F1064%2C) 105\. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. 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Karnis, *Surviving Pre-Columbian Drama*, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1952 220\. Dolores Veintimilla [Brief biography](http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/high/Assignments/D%C3%A9cimo%20Primer%20Grado/AP%20Spanish%20Language%20-%20D%20-%20Diego%20Chauvin/Dolores_Veintimilla_de_Ga%5B1%5D.doc) 221\. "[The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: A to G](https://books.google.com/books?id=C6PLxz8EMk0C&pg=PA1104)". [Columbia University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press). 1998. 222\. "[Yogurt Persa: De Ecuador a Argentina y Latinoamérica](https://emprendimientoshoy.com/comida-y-bebida/yogurt-persa-de-ecuador-a-argentina-y-latinoamerica/)". *Emprendimientos Hoy*. August 2021. 223\. "[Ecuador's Exports – Fruit Galore](https://www.ecuador.com/blog/ecuadors-exports-fruit-galore/)". *Ecuador.com*. 224\. (Perez, M. (2019) Eat Like a Local – Ecuador, CZYK Publishing, p. 24, ISBN 9798607903664) 225\. 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