--- title: Egypt — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Egypt», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Egypt # Egypt · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Egypt»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/4/) … [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/7/) On 13 March 2015, plans for a [proposed new capital of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_new_capital_of_Egypt) were announced.[\[121\]](../../page/7/#ref-121 "note 121")[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate Main article: [Climate of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt) Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months.[\[122\]](../../page/7/#ref-122 "note 122")[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm per year and at intervals of many years.[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm,[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123") mostly between October and March.[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as [Damietta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta), [Baltim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltim) and [Sidi Barrani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Barrani), and rarely in Alexandria.[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time in many decades.[\[124\]](../../page/7/#ref-124 "note 124")[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") [Frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost) is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt.[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt has a very hot, sunny and dry climate.[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") Average temperature highs are very high to extremely high throughout most of the country.[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") The exception to this is the northern part of the country, which, although still hot, has its temperatures moderated by the cool Mediterranean winds consistently blowing in over the sea coast, especially at the height of summer.[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Khamaseen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamaseen) is a hot, dry wind that originates from the vast deserts in the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer.[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") It brings scorching sand and dust particles, and usually brings daytime temperatures over 40 °C and sometimes over 50 °C in the interior, while the relative humidity can drop to 5% or even less.[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") Prior to the construction of the [Aswan Dam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam), the Nile flooded annually, replenishing Egypt's soil.[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") This gave Egypt a consistent harvest throughout the years.[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt's hot and arid climate is under increasing strain from climate change, which has brought extreme temperatures, droughts, floods, and rising sea levels.[\[125\]](../../page/7/#ref-125 "note 125")[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt is highly vulnerable, and these shifts threaten food security, water availability, public health, and economic stability.[\[126\]](../../page/7/#ref-126 "note 126")[\[127\]](../../page/7/#ref-127 "note 127")[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Biodiversity Main article: [Wildlife of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt) Egypt signed the Rio [Convention on Biological Diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity) on 9 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994.[\[128\]](../../page/7/#ref-128 "note 128")[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") It produced a [National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan) which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998.[\[129\]](../../page/7/#ref-129 "note 129")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species).[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known.[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt.[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.[\[130\]](../../page/7/#ref-130 "note 130")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") For the grasses, 284 native and naturalised species have been identified and recorded in Egypt.[\[131\]](../../page/7/#ref-131 "note 131")[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Government Main article: [Politics of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt) The [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Egypt%29), whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation.[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt) were held between [November 2011 and January 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011–12_Egyptian_parliamentary_election), which were later dissolved.[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") After a wave of public discontent with the [Muslim Brotherhood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) government of President [Mohamed Morsi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi),[\[132\]](../../page/7/#ref-132 "note 132") on 3 July 2013 then-[General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army_ranks) [Abdel Fattah el-Sisi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) announced the removal of Morsi from office and the suspension of the [constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2012).[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") A 50-member constitution committee was formed for modifying [the constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014) which was later published for [public voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2014) and was adopted on 18 January 2014.[\[133\]](../../page/7/#ref-133 "note 133")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") [The next parliamentary election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2015) was announced to be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014, and were held in two phases, from 17 October to 2 December 2015.[\[134\]](../../page/7/#ref-134 "note 134")[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president [Adly Mansour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adly_Mansour) pushed the date.[\[135\]](../../page/7/#ref-135 "note 135")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") The [2014 Egyptian presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election) took place on 26–28 May.[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.9% compared to 757,511 (3.1%) for [Hamdeen Sabahi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi).[\[136\]](../../page/7/#ref-136 "note 136")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, as part of its [Freedom in the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World) report, [Freedom House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) rated [political rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_rights) in Egypt at 6 (with 40 representing the most free and 0 the least), and [civil liberties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties) at 12 (with 60 being the highest score and 0 the lowest), which gave it the freedom rating of "Not Free".[\[137\]](../../page/7/#ref-137 "note 137")[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2023 [V-Dem Democracy indices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices) Egypt is the eighth least [democratic country in Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa).[\[138\]](../../page/7/#ref-138 "note 138")[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") The 2023 edition of [The Economist Democracy Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index) categorises Egypt as an "authoritarian regime", with a score of 2.93.[\[139\]](../../page/7/#ref-139 "note 139")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt has the oldest continuous parliamentary tradition in the Arab world.[\[140\]](../../page/7/#ref-140 "note 140")[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") The first popular assembly was established in 1866.[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") It was disbanded as a result of the British occupation of 1882, and the British allowed only a consultative body to sit.[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1923, however, after the country's independence was declared, a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy.[\[140\]](../../page/7/#ref-140 "note 140")[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Foreign relations Main article: [Foreign relations of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt) Egypt's foreign policy is shaped by its strategic geographical position, historical legacy, and diplomatic influence in Africa, the Mediterranean, and Southwest Asia.[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") As a founding member of the [Non-Aligned Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) and the United Nations, Egypt has maintained a non-aligned stance while remaining active in regional diplomacy.[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") Cairo, historically a crossroads of commerce and culture, remains a centre of intellectual and political influence in the region.[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") The [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–United_States_relations) has been a key partner, providing Egypt with US$1.3 billion in annual military assistance as of 2015.[\[141\]](../../page/7/#ref-141 "note 141")[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1989, Egypt was designated a [major non-NATO ally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally), but relations soured following the [2013 Egyptian coup d'état](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27état), as the [Obama administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration) criticised Egypt's crackdown on the [Muslim Brotherhood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) and suspended joint military exercises.[\[142\]](../../page/7/#ref-142 "note 142")[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") Under President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump), relations improved, with [Abdel Fattah el-Sisi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi)'s 2017 visit to the White House marking the first by an Egyptian president in eight years.[\[143\]](../../page/7/#ref-143 "note 143")[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") Relations with [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Russia_relations) strengthened after Morsi's removal, with both nations expanding military cooperation[\[144\]](../../page/7/#ref-144 "note 144") and trade relations.[\[145\]](../../page/7/#ref-145 "note 145")[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") Similarly, [relations with China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Egypt_relations) have deepened, culminating in the establishment of a "comprehensive strategic partnership" in 2014.[\[146\]](../../page/7/#ref-146 "note 146")[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, Egypt and the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) elevated their relationship to a "strategic and comprehensive partnership", emphasising political cooperation, and economic collaboration.[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") Both sides are also working on deepening trade relations under the Association Agreement, supporting Egypt's economic stability, and strengthening counterterrorism efforts.[\[147\]](../../page/7/#ref-147 "note 147")[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt remains an influential mediator in Middle Eastern conflicts, particularly in brokering ceasefires in Gaza and facilitating the [Israeli–Palestinian peace process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_peace_process).[\[148\]](../../page/7/#ref-148 "note 148")[267](../../267/ "tree and pragmatics") It is also a Member State of the [African Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) and the [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League), hosting the Arab League headquarters in Cairo.[268](../../268/ "tree and pragmatics") The Arab League temporarily moved to Tunis in 1978 in protest of the [Egypt–Israel peace treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_peace_treaty), but returned to Cairo in 1989.[269](../../269/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt has also cultivated strong economic ties with Gulf nations such as [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Saudi_Arabia_relations) and the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) [corpus](../../../United_Arab_Emirates/ "in our corpus"), both of which have provided billions of dollars in financial assistance.[\[149\]](../../page/7/#ref-149 "note 149")[270](../../270/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Military Main article: [Egyptian Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces) Further information: [Military industry of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt) The [Egyptian Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces) constitute Egypt's military establishment, comprising the [Egyptian Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army), [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Navy), [Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force), and [Air Defence Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Defence_Forces) under the direct supervision of the Chief of Staff,[\[150\]](../../page/7/#ref-150 "note 150") with their headquarters at the [State Strategic Command Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Strategic_Command_Center), commonly known as the Octagon, in the [New Administrative Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital).[271](../../271/ "tree and pragmatics") The military primarily oversees external defence but also plays a domestic role, assisting police in protecting vital infrastructure during emergencies and counterterrorism operations.[\[151\]](../../page/7/#ref-151 "note 151")[272](../../272/ "tree and pragmatics") They also participate in foreign peacekeeping missions and engage in bilateral and multinational military exercises.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[273](../../273/ "tree and pragmatics") The military wields significant political influence, operating autonomously and remaining exempt from many civilian laws.[\[151\]](../../page/7/#ref-151 "note 151")[274](../../274/ "tree and pragmatics") A significant amount of military information is not made publicly available, including budget information, the names of the general officers and the military's size (which is considered a state secret).[\[151\]](../../page/7/#ref-151 "note 151")[275](../../275/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition, the military is a major driver of Egypt's economic landscape, engaging in infrastructure development, consumer goods production, and real estate holdings through the [National Service Projects Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_Products_Organization).[276](../../276/ "tree and pragmatics") With an active personnel strength of 438,500 and 479,000 reservists,[\[153\]](../../page/7/#ref-153 "note 153") it is one of the largest and best-equipped militaries in the region.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[277](../../277/ "tree and pragmatics") Conscription is mandatory for men aged 18–30, with service obligations ranging from 14 to 36 months, depending on educational level, followed by a nine-year reserve duty.[278](../../278/ "tree and pragmatics") Voluntary enlistment is possible from age 16 for men and 17 for women.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[279](../../279/ "tree and pragmatics") The military operates a diverse arsenal sourced primarily from China, France, [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) [corpus](../../../Germany/ "in our corpus"), Italy, Russia, and the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) [corpus](../../../United_States/ "in our corpus").[280](../../280/ "tree and pragmatics") Recent efforts have focused on modernisation and procurement of advanced weaponry.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[281](../../281/ "tree and pragmatics") The domestic defence industry is also well-established, manufacturing small arms, armoured vehicles, and naval vessels, while maintaining licensed production agreements with countries such as Germany and the United States.[\[152\]](../../page/7/#ref-152 "note 152")[282](../../282/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt is one of few countries in the region to possess spy satellites, launching [EgyptSat 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptSat_1) in 2007,[\[154\]](../../page/7/#ref-154 "note 154") followed by [EgyptSat 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptSat_2) in 2014.[\[155\]](../../page/7/#ref-155 "note 155")[283](../../283/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2019, Egypt launched MisrSat-A, an observation satellite,[\[156\]](../../page/7/#ref-156 "note 156") followed later that year by Tiba-1, a civilian and military communications satellite.[\[157\]](../../page/7/#ref-157 "note 157")[\[158\]](../../page/7/#ref-158 "note 158")[284](../../284/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2023, Egypt launched Horus-1 and Horus-2, about a month apart.[285](../../285/ "tree and pragmatics") The country also placed MisrSat-2 into orbit later that year.[286](../../286/ "tree and pragmatics") All three of them are high-resolution observation satellites.[\[159\]](../../page/7/#ref-159 "note 159")[\[160\]](../../page/7/#ref-160 "note 160")[\[161\]](../../page/7/#ref-161 "note 161")[287](../../287/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, two months after MisrSat-2's launch, the country successfully completed the initial operational phase of NEXSAT-1, its first experimental Earth observation satellite, achieving milestones such as developing indigenous onboard software, advanced attitude-control systems, and independently capturing and processing satellite imagery, all of which marked a major step forward in Egypt's national space capabilities.[\[162\]](../../page/7/#ref-162 "note 162")[288](../../288/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Law Main article: [Egyptian Civil Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code) The legal system is based on [Islamic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law) and civil law (particularly the [Napoleonic Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code)); and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory [International Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) jurisdiction only with reservations.[\[80\]](../../page/7/#ref-80 "note 80")[289](../../289/ "tree and pragmatics") The highest judicial authority of Egypt is the [Supreme Constitutional Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_%28Egypt%29), located in the [Maadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maadi) district of Cairo.[290](../../290/ "tree and pragmatics") Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation.[291](../../291/ "tree and pragmatics") Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the [Ministry of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28Egypt%29).[\[163\]](../../page/7/#ref-163 "note 163")[292](../../292/ "tree and pragmatics") The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia.[293](../../293/ "tree and pragmatics") In a family court, a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's testimony.[\[164\]](../../page/7/#ref-164 "note 164")[294](../../294/ "tree and pragmatics") On 26 December 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood attempted to institutionalise a controversial new constitution.[295](../../295/ "tree and pragmatics") It was approved by the public in a [referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2012) held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, but with only 33% electorate participation.[\[165\]](../../page/7/#ref-165 "note 165")[296](../../296/ "tree and pragmatics") It replaced the [2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Provisional_Constitution_of_Egypt), adopted following the revolution.[297](../../297/ "tree and pragmatics") The Penal code was unique as it contains a "[Blasphemy Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt)".[\[166\]](../../page/7/#ref-166 "note 166")[298](../../298/ "tree and pragmatics") The present court system allows a death penalty including against an absent individual [tried in absentia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tried_in_absentia).[299](../../299/ "tree and pragmatics") Several Americans and Canadians were sentenced to death in 2012.[\[167\]](../../page/7/#ref-167 "note 167")[300](../../300/ "tree and pragmatics") On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more [secular constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014).[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[301](../../301/ "tree and pragmatics") The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms.[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[302](../../302/ "tree and pragmatics") The parliament may impeach the president.[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[303](../../303/ "tree and pragmatics") Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute [freedom of thought](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Religion).[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[304](../../304/ "tree and pragmatics") The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next two full presidential terms since the constitution took effect.[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[305](../../305/ "tree and pragmatics") Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".[\[168\]](../../page/7/#ref-168 "note 168")[306](../../306/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Human rights Main article: [Human rights in Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt) See also: [August 2013 Rabaa massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre), [Persecution of Copts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts) The [National Council for Human Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Human_Rights) was established in 2003, but it has faced criticism from activists who argue it serves as a government propaganda tool to justify human rights violations and repressive laws such as the Emergency Law.[\[169\]](../../page/7/#ref-169 "note 169")[\[170\]](../../page/7/#ref-170 "note 170")[\[171\]](../../page/7/#ref-171 "note 171")[307](../../307/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt has been ranked among the worst countries for religious freedom, with widespread discrimination against minorities such as [Coptic Christians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christians), [Baháʼís](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼís), and other Muslim sects.[308](../../308/ "tree and pragmatics") A 2009 report by [Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Forum_on_Religion_&_Public_Life) ranked Egypt fifth worst globally for religious freedom,[\[172\]](../../page/7/#ref-172 "note 172") while the [United States Commission on International Religious Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom) has placed Egypt on its watch list due to state-tolerated violations.[\[173\]](../../page/7/#ref-173 "note 173")[309](../../309/ "tree and pragmatics") A 2010 [Pew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) survey found that 84% of Egyptians supported the death penalty for [apostasy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam), 77% backed amputations for theft, and 82% endorsed stoning for [adultery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery).[\[174\]](../../page/7/#ref-174 "note 174")[310](../../310/ "tree and pragmatics") Since the [2013 Egyptian coup d'état](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27état), political repression has intensified, with mass arrests and harsh crackdowns on dissent.[311](../../311/ "tree and pragmatics") During the [August 2013 sit-in dispersal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Egyptian_raids), 595 protesters were killed, making 14 August 2013 the deadliest day in Egypt's modern history.[\[175\]](../../page/7/#ref-175 "note 175")[\[176\]](../../page/7/#ref-176 "note 176")[312](../../312/ "tree and pragmatics") Since then, an estimated 60,000 [political prisoners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Egypt) remain behind bars.[\[177\]](../../page/7/#ref-177 "note 177")[313](../../313/ "tree and pragmatics") Egypt has also drawn international condemnation for mass death sentences, including a 2014 ruling sentencing 529 people to death in a single hearing.[\[178\]](../../page/7/#ref-178 "note 178")[314](../../314/ "tree and pragmatics") The [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) and human rights groups have condemned these trials as gross violations of [international law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law).[\[179\]](../../page/7/#ref-179 "note 179")[315](../../315/ "tree and pragmatics") [Homosexuality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt) remains [de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) criminalised, with 95% of Egyptians opposing its acceptance, according to a 2013 [Pew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) survey.[\[180\]](../../page/7/#ref-180 "note 180")[316](../../316/ "tree and pragmatics") A poll by the [Thomson Reuters Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation), based on assessments from specialists in women's rights, ranked Cairo as the worst megacity for women, evaluating cities on sexual harassment, healthcare access, harmful cultural practices, and economic opportunities.[\[181\]](../../page/7/#ref-181 "note 181")[317](../../317/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Freedom of the press [Reporters Without Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) ranked Egypt in their 2017 [World Press Freedom Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index) at No. 160 out of 180 nations.[318](../../318/ "tree and pragmatics") At least 18 journalists were imprisoned in Egypt, as of 2015 August.[319](../../319/ "tree and pragmatics") A new anti-terror law was enacted in August 2015 that threatens members of the media with fines ranging from about US$25,000 to $60,000 for the distribution of wrong information on acts of terror inside the country "that differ from official declarations of the Egyptian Department of Defence".[\[182\]](../../page/7/#ref-182 "note 182")[320](../../320/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Administrative divisions Main article: [Subdivisions of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt) Egypt is divided into 27 governorates.[321](../../321/ "tree and pragmatics") The governorates are further divided into regions.[322](../../322/ "tree and pragmatics") The regions contain towns and villages.[323](../../323/ "tree and pragmatics") Each governorate has a capital, sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate.[\[183\]](../../page/7/#ref-183 "note 183")[324](../../324/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy Main article: [Economy of Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/4/) … [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Egypt/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 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