--- title: While Italian, the former colonial language, holds no government-rec… — Eritrea · tree and pragmatics description: While Italian, the former colonial language, holds no government-recognised status in Eritrea, it is spoken by a few monolinguals and in commerce at times, and Asmara had the Scuola Italiana di Asmara, an Italian government-operated school that was shut down in 2020. Who acts: Italian, few monolingu --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Eritrea/405/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / [Eritrea](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Eritrea/) / 405 # Eritrea, sentence 405 From Wikipedia, [«Eritrea»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. While Italian, the former colonial language, holds no government-recognised status in Eritrea, it is spoken by a few monolinguals and in commerce at times, and Asmara had the Scuola Italiana di Asmara, an Italian government-operated school that was shut down in 2020. **Who acts:** Italian, few monolinguals, Asmara · **What happens:** hold, recognise, speak, have, operate, shut down · **To what, where:** recognised status, Eritrea, language, di Asmara, Italian operated school, 2020 · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Eritrea». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Italian, few monolinguals, Asmara), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Eritrea:405 # text = While Italian, the former colonial language, holds no government-recognised status in Eritrea, it is spoken by a few monolinguals and in commerce at times, and Asmara had the Scuola Italiana di Asmara, an Italian government-operated school that was shut down in 2020. 1 While while SCONJ IN _ 9 mark _ _ 2 Italian Italian PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 3 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 5 former former ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 6 colonial colonial ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 language language NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 8 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 9 holds hold VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 advcl _ _ 10 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 14 det _ _ 11 government government NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 12 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 11 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 13 recognised recognise VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 14 amod _ _ 14 status status NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obj _ _ 15 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 Eritrea Eritrea PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 17 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 18 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj:pass _ _ 19 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 aux:pass _ _ 20 spoken speak VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 21 by by ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 22 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 23 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 amod _ _ 24 monolinguals monolingual NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obl _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 26 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 commerce commerce NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 conj _ _ 28 at at ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 times time NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 30 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 32 Asmara Asmara PROPN NNP Number=Sing 33 nsubj _ _ 33 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 parataxis _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 35 Scuola Scuola PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 compound _ _ 36 Italiana Italiana PROPN NNP Number=Sing 37 compound _ _ 37 di DI PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 Asmara Asmara PROPN NNP Number=Sing 33 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 39 , , PUNCT , _ 45 punct _ _ 40 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 41 Italian Italian ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 45 amod _ _ 42 government government NOUN NN Number=Sing 44 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 43 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 42 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 44 operated operate VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 45 amod _ _ 45 school school NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 appos _ _ 46 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 48 nsubj:pass _ _ 47 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 48 aux:pass _ _ 48 shut shut VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 45 acl:relcl _ _ 49 down down ADP RP _ 48 compound:prt _ _ 50 in in ADP IN _ 51 case _ _ 51 2020 2020 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 48 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 52 . . PUNCT . _ 20 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **hold** | present | Italian | no recognised status | | Eritrea | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent status=Theme in eritrea=Location | | 2 | **recognise** | participle | | | | | | government *compound* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer | | 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive | a few monolinguals and commerce | language | | | time | | tree rules | | 4 | **have** | past | Asmara | the di Asmara | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent asmara=Patient | | 5 | **operate** | participle | | | | | | government *compound* | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **shut down** | past · passive | | a Italian operated school | | 2020 | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Eritrea», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 404](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Eritrea/404/) - next →: [sentence 406](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Eritrea/406/) - ↑ back to [Eritrea](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Eritrea/)