---
title: The growth of Gaborone, especially suburban growth, has caused much… — Gaborone · tree and pragmatics
description: The growth of Gaborone, especially suburban growth, has caused much of the farmland surrounding the city to be absorbed into the city. Who acts: growth, farmland, Gaborone. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Gaborone» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Gaborone, sentence 248

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From Wikipedia, [«Gaborone»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The growth of Gaborone, especially suburban growth, has caused much of the farmland surrounding the city to be absorbed into the city.

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**Who acts:** growth, farmland, Gaborone · **What happens:** cause, surround, absorb, grow · **To what, where:** much, city

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Gaborone». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (growth, farmland, Gaborone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Gaborone:248
# text = The growth of Gaborone, especially suburban growth, has caused much of the farmland surrounding the city to be absorbed into the city.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Gaborone	Gaborone	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	suburban	suburban	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
10	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
12	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	farmland	farmland	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	surrounding	surround	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	absorbed	absorb	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl	_	_
22	into	into	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · perfect | the growth of Gaborone and suburban growth | much of the farmland |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition much=Patient |
| 2 | **surround** | gerund | the farmland *not said here* | the city |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme city=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **absorb** | to-infinitive · passive | the farmland *not said here* | the city *not said here* |  | the city |  |  | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP» |
| 4 | **grow** |  | Gaborone |  |  |  |  |  | nom growth «process intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Gaborone», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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