--- title: The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African la… — Guinea-Bissau · tree and pragmatics description: The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), and Nalu (0.1%), which form the ethnic African languages spoken by the population. 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The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), and Nalu (0.1%), which form the ethnic African languages spoken by the population. **Who acts:** remaining rural population, Nalu · **What happens:** speak, form · **To what, where:** variety, ethnic African languages · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Guinea-Bissau». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (remaining rural population, Nalu), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Guinea-Bissau:250 # text = The remaining rural population speaks a variety of native African languages unique to each ethnicity: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), and Nalu (0.1%), which form the ethnic African languages spoken by the population. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 2 remaining remaining ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 3 rural rural ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 population population NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _ 5 speaks speak VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 variety variety NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 8 of of ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 9 native native ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 10 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _ 12 unique unique ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 13 to to ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 each each DET DT PronType=Tot 15 det _ _ 15 ethnicity ethnicity NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 16 : : PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 17 Fula Fula PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 appos _ _ 18 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 20 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 19 16 16 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 20 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 20 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 21 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 20 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 Balanta Balanta PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 24 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 26 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 25 14 14 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 26 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 26 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 23 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 27 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 26 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 28 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 29 Mandinka Mandinka PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 30 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 32 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 31 7 7 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 32 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 32 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 33 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 32 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 34 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 35 Manjak Manjak PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 36 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 38 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 37 5 5 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 38 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 38 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 39 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 38 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 40 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 41 Papel Papel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 42 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 44 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 43 3 3 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 44 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 44 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 45 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 44 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 46 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 47 Felupe Felupe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 48 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 50 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 49 1 1 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 50 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 50 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 51 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 50 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 52 , , PUNCT , _ 53 punct _ _ 53 Beafada Beafada PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 54 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 56 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 55 0.7 0.7 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 56 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 56 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 57 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 56 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 58 , , PUNCT , _ 59 punct _ _ 59 Bijagó Bijagó PROPN NNP Number=Sing 17 conj _ _ 60 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 62 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 61 0.3 0.3 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 62 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 62 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 17 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 63 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 62 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 64 , , PUNCT , _ 73 punct _ _ 65 and and CCONJ CC _ 73 cc _ _ 66 Nalu Nalu PROPN NNP Number=Sing 73 nsubj _ _ 67 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 69 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 68 0.1 0.1 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 69 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 69 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 66 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 70 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 69 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 71 , , PUNCT , _ 73 punct _ _ 72 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 73 nsubj _ _ 73 form form VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 74 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 77 det _ _ 75 ethnic ethnic ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 77 amod _ _ 76 African African ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 77 amod _ _ 77 languages language NOUN NNS Number=Plur 73 obj _ _ 78 spoken speak VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 77 acl _ _ 79 by by ADP IN _ 81 case _ _ 80 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 81 det _ _ 81 population population NOUN NN Number=Sing 78 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 82 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | the remaining rural population | a variety of native African languages | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **form** | present | Nalu | the ethnic African languages | | | | which *nsubj* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location language=Theme | | 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle | | the ethnic African languages *not said here* | | | | by the population | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Guinea-Bissau», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 249](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Guinea-Bissau/249/) - next →: [sentence 251](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Guinea-Bissau/251/) - ↑ back to [Guinea-Bissau](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Guinea-Bissau/)