---
title: A long history of oppression by dictators such as François Duvalier… — Haiti · tree and pragmatics
description: A long history of oppression by dictators such as François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier has markedly affected the republic's governance and society, and since then Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system. Who acts: Haiti. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Haiti» with its dependency
---

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# Haiti, sentence 362

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From Wikipedia, [«Haiti»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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A long history of oppression by dictators such as François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier has markedly affected the republic's governance and society, and since then Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system.

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**Who acts:** Haiti · **What happens:** affect, transition · **To what, where:** long history

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Haiti». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Haiti), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Haiti:362
# text = A long history of oppression by dictators such as François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier has markedly affected the republic's governance and society, and since then Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	oppression	oppression	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	dictators	dictator	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	François	François	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	Duvalier	Duvalier	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
15	Jean	Jean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Claude	Claude	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
18	Duvalier	Duvalier	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	flat	_	_
19	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	markedly	markedly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	affected	affect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	republic	republic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	's	's	PART	POS	_	23	case	_	_
25	governance	governance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	society	society	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
30	since	since	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	35	obl	_	_
32	Haiti	Haiti	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	nsubj	_	_
33	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	aux	_	_
34	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	35	aux	_	_
35	transitioning	transition	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	advcl	_	_
36	to	to	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
38	democratic	democratic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	system	system	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affect** | present · perfect · passive |  | a long history of oppression by dictators such François Duvalier and Duvalier's son and Claude |  |  |  | the republic's governance and society *obj*; markedly *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer governance=Result |
| 2 | **transition** | present · perfect · progressive | Haiti |  |  |  |  | to a democratic system | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Haiti», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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