--- title: Haiti — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Haiti», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Haiti # Haiti · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Haiti»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/6/) **7** ### Religion Main article: [Religion in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti) The 2018 [CIA World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook) reported that 55% of Haitians were [Catholics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Haiti) and 29% were [Protestants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Haiti) (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, [Seventh-day Adventist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist) 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%).[561](../../561/ "tree and pragmatics") Other sources put the Protestant population higher, suggesting that it might have formed one-third of the population in 2001.[\[417\]](../../page/7/#ref-417 "note 417")[562](../../562/ "tree and pragmatics") Like other countries in the neighboring Latin American region, Haiti has witnessed a general Protestant expansion, which is largely [Evangelical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant) and [Pentecostal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal) in nature.[\[418\]](../../page/7/#ref-418 "note 418")[\[419\]](../../page/7/#ref-419 "note 419")[\[420\]](../../page/7/#ref-420 "note 420")[563](../../563/ "tree and pragmatics") Haitian [Cardinal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholicism%29) [Chibly Langlois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibly_Langlois) is president of the National Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church.[\[421\]](../../page/7/#ref-421 "note 421")[564](../../564/ "tree and pragmatics") [Vodou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_vodou), a religion with West African roots similar to those of Cuba and Brazil, is formally practiced by 2.1% of the population; however, it is estimated that 50–80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou belief or practices into their religion, particularly with Catholicism.[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") This reflects Vodou's colonial origins, when enslaved persons were obliged to disguise their traditional [loa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa) (lwa), or spirits, as Catholic saints, as part of a process called [syncretism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism).[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") As such, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti,[\[422\]](../../page/7/#ref-422 "note 422")[\[423\]](../../page/7/#ref-423 "note 423") especially given the legacy of historic persecution and misrepresentation in popular media and culture, as well as modern stigmatization among segments of the growing Protestant population.[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") Nonetheless, Vodou was officially recognized by the Haitian government in 2003.[\[238\]](../../page/7/#ref-238 "note 238")[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") Today, Vodou is experiencing somewhat of a resurgence with younger Haitians, and some are turning to Vodou to treat mental illness.[\[424\]](../../page/7/#ref-424 "note 424")[\[425\]](../../page/7/#ref-425 "note 425")[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") Reflecting the ubiquity of Vodou culture and beliefs, while many Catholics and Protestants in Haiti denounce Vodou as [devil worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_Satanism), they do not deny the power or existence of its spirits; rather, they are regarded as "evil" and "[satanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism)" adversaries that require intervention through [Christian prayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_prayer).[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") Protestants view Catholic veneration of saints as [idol worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry), and some Protestants would often destroy statues and other Catholic paraphernalia.[\[426\]](../../page/7/#ref-426 "note 426")[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") Minority religions in Haiti include [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti), [Bahá'í Faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahá%27í_Faith_in_Haiti), [Judaism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti), and [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism).[\[2\]](../../page/7/#ref-2 "note 2")[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Education Main article: [Education in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Haiti) The educational system is based on the [French system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_France).[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education,[\[427\]](../../page/7/#ref-427 "note 427") is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.[\[428\]](../../page/7/#ref-428 "note 428")[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") More than 80% of primary schools are privately managed by nongovernmental organizations, churches, communities, and for-profit operators, with minimal government oversight.[\[429\]](../../page/7/#ref-429 "note 429")[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti has steadily boosted net enrollment rate in primary education from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving equal participation of boys and girls in education.[\[430\]](../../page/7/#ref-430 "note 430")[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") Charity organizations, including [Food for the Poor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_for_the_Poor) and [Haitian Health Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Health_Foundation), are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") According to UNESCO, Haiti's adult literacy rate was 61.7% in 2022.[\[431\]](../../page/7/#ref-431 "note 431")[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti.[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Inter-American Development Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank) estimates that the government will need at least US$3 billion to create an adequately funded system.[\[432\]](../../page/7/#ref-432 "note 432")[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into [higher education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education).[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") The higher education schools include the [University of Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Haiti).[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") There are also [medical schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Caribbean) and [law schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education) offered at both the University of Haiti and abroad.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") [Brown University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University) is cooperating with L'Hôpital Saint-Damien to coordinate a [pediatric health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics) curriculum.[\[433\]](../../page/7/#ref-433 "note 433")[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Health Main article: [Health in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Haiti) as of 2012, 60% of children under the age of 10 were [vaccinated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine),[\[434\]](../../page/7/#ref-434 "note 434")[\[435\]](../../page/7/#ref-435 "note 435") compared to 93–95% in other countries.[\[436\]](../../page/7/#ref-436 "note 436")[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case).[\[437\]](../../page/7/#ref-437 "note 437")[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") Most people have no transportation or access to [Haitian hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Haiti).[\[438\]](../../page/7/#ref-438 "note 438")[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") The [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) cites [diarrheal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea) diseases, [HIV/AIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS), [meningitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis), and respiratory infections as common causes of death.[\[439\]](../../page/7/#ref-439 "note 439")[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") Ninety percent of children suffer from [waterborne diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_disease) and [intestinal parasites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasite).[\[440\]](../../page/7/#ref-440 "note 440")[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est.[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") 2015).[\[441\]](../../page/7/#ref-441 "note 441")[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") Per a 2017 report, incidence of [tuberculosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis) is the highest in the region with an estimated 200 cases per 100,000 people.[\[442\]](../../page/7/#ref-442 "note 442")[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") Approximately 30,000 Haitians fall ill with [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) each year.[\[443\]](../../page/7/#ref-443 "note 443")[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") Roughly 75% of households lack running water.[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases.[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.[\[444\]](../../page/7/#ref-444 "note 444")[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") The [infant mortality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate) in 2019 was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 5.6 per 1,000 in the United States.[\[445\]](../../page/7/#ref-445 "note 445")[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") After the 2010 earthquake, [Partners In Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partners_In_Health) founded the [Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hôpital_Universitaire_de_Mirebalais), the largest [solar-powered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power) hospital in the world.[\[446\]](../../page/7/#ref-446 "note 446")[\[447\]](../../page/7/#ref-447 "note 447")[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti) Haiti has a lasting and unique cultural identity, blending traditional French and African customs, mixed with sizable acquirements from the Spanish and Indigenous cultures.[\[448\]](../../page/7/#ref-448 "note 448")[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") ### National holidays and festivals Further information: [Public holidays in Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti) The [Haitian Carnival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Carnival) has been one of the most popular carnivals in the Caribbean.[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year.[\[449\]](../../page/7/#ref-449 "note 449")[\[450\]](../../page/7/#ref-450 "note 450")[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") The National Carnival follows the popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March.[\[449\]](../../page/7/#ref-449 "note 449")[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") [Rara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_festival) is a festival celebrated before [Easter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter).[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") The festival has generated a style of [Carnival music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_music).[\[451\]](../../page/7/#ref-451 "note 451")[\[452\]](../../page/7/#ref-452 "note 452")[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Architecture See also: [List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean) Monuments include the [Sans-Souci Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace) and the [Citadelle Laferrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_Laferrière), inscribed as a [World Heritage Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) in 1982.[\[453\]](../../page/7/#ref-453 "note 453")[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") Situated in the Northern [Massif du Nord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_du_Nord), in the [National History Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_History_Park), the structures date from the early 19th century.[\[454\]](../../page/7/#ref-454 "note 454")[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") The buildings were among the first built after Haiti's independence from France.[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Citadelle Laferrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_Laferrière), the largest fortress in the Americas, is located in northern Haiti.[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") It was built between 1805 and 1820 and is today referred to by some Haitians as the [eighth wonder of the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_wonder_of_the_world).[\[455\]](../../page/7/#ref-455 "note 455")[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Institute for the Protection of National Heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_Sauvegarde_du_Patrimoine_National) has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.[\[456\]](../../page/7/#ref-456 "note 456")[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") [Jacmel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel), a colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site, was extensively damaged by the 2010 earthquake.[\[454\]](../../page/7/#ref-454 "note 454")[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Museums The anchor of Christopher Columbus's largest ship, the [Santa María](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_María_%28ship%29) rests in the [Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_du_Panthéon_National_Haïtien) in Port-au-Prince.[\[457\]](../../page/7/#ref-457 "note 457")[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Art [Haitian art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art) is distinctive, particularly through its paintings and sculptures.[\[448\]](../../page/7/#ref-448 "note 448")[\[458\]](../../page/7/#ref-458 "note 458")[\[459\]](../../page/7/#ref-459 "note 459")[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") Brilliant colors, [naïve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naïve_art) perspectives, and sly humor characterize Haitian art.[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, foods, landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods.[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society.[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1920s the indigéniste movement gained international acclaim, with its expressionist paintings inspired by Haiti's culture and African roots.[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") Notable painters of this movement include [Hector Hyppolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Hyppolite), Philomé Oban and [Préfète Duffaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Préfète_Duffaut).[\[460\]](../../page/7/#ref-460 "note 460")[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") Some notable artists of more recent times include [Edouard Duval-Carrié](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Duval-Carrié), Frantz Zéphirin, Leroy Exil, [Prosper Pierre Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Pierre_Louis) and [Louisiane Saint Fleurant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiane_Saint_Fleurant).[\[460\]](../../page/7/#ref-460 "note 460")[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and [Serge Jolimeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Jolimeau).[\[461\]](../../page/7/#ref-461 "note 461")[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music and dance [Haitian music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Haiti) combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here.[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") It reflects French, African and Spanish elements and others who have inhabited Hispaniola, and minor native Taino influences.[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") Styles of music unique to Haitian culture include music derived from [Vodou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) ceremonial traditions, [Rara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_music) parading music, [Twoubadou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twoubadou) ballads, [mini-jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-jazz) rock bands, [Rasin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasin) movement, [Hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop) kreyòl, [méringue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Méringue),[\[462\]](../../page/7/#ref-462 "note 462") and [compas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas).[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") Youth attend parties at nightclubs called [discos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightlife), and attend Bal (ball, as in a formal dance).[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") [Compas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas) (konpa)[\[463\]](../../page/7/#ref-463 "note 463") is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from [African rhythms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa) and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture.[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") It is a refined music, with [méringue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Méringue) as its basic rhythm.[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when [Jazz Guignard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Guignard) was recorded non-commercially.[\[464\]](../../page/7/#ref-464 "note 464")[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Haitian literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_literature) Haiti has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition.[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") The [French colonial experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue) established the French language as the venue of culture and prestige, and since then it has dominated the literary circles and the literary production.[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in [Haitian Creole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole).[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole.[\[465\]](../../page/7/#ref-465 "note 465")[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1975, [Franketienne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franketienne) was the first to break with the French tradition in fiction with the publication of Dezafi, the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole.[\[466\]](../../page/7/#ref-466 "note 466")[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") Other well known Haitian authors include [Jean Price-Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Price-Mars), [Jacques Roumain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Roumain), [Jacques Stephen Alexis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Stephen_Alexis), [Marie Vieux-Chauvet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Vieux-Chauvet), Pierre Clitandre, [René Depestre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Depestre), [Edwidge Danticat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat), [Lyonel Trouillot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonel_Trouillot) and [Dany Laferrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Laferrière).[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Folklore and mythology Main article: [Haitian mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_mythology) Haiti is known for its folklore traditions.[\[467\]](../../page/7/#ref-467 "note 467")[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") Much of this is rooted in [Haitian Vodou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) tradition.[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") Belief in [zombies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies) is also common.[\[468\]](../../page/7/#ref-468 "note 468")[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") Other folkloric creatures include the [lougarou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soucouyant).[\[468\]](../../page/7/#ref-468 "note 468")[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cinema Main article: [Cinema of Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti) Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry.[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") Well-known directors working primarily in documentary film-making include [Raoul Peck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Peck) and [Arnold Antonin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Antonin).[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") Directors producing fictional films include [Patricia Benoît](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Benoit_%28director%29), Wilkenson Bruna and Richard Senecal.[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Haitian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_cuisine) Haiti is famous for its [creole cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_cuisine) (related to [Cajun cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_cuisine)), and its [soup joumou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_joumou).[\[469\]](../../page/7/#ref-469 "note 469")[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Culture of Haiti § Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti#Sports) [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (soccer) is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small clubs competing at the local level.[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") Basketball and baseball are growing in popularity.[\[470\]](../../page/7/#ref-470 "note 470")[\[471\]](../../page/7/#ref-471 "note 471")[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") [Stade Sylvio Cator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Sylvio_Cator) is the [multi-purpose stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium) in Port-au-Prince, currently used mostly for [association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) matches.[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") In [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup), the [Haiti national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_national_football_team) were only the second [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) team to make the [World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup), returned to the tournament in [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup) after 52 years of absence.[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") The national team won the [2007 Caribbean Nations Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Caribbean_Nations_Cup).[\[472\]](../../page/7/#ref-472 "note 472")[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") The [women's team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_women%27s_national_football_team) also made the [FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup) in [2023.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup)[\[473\]](../../page/7/#ref-473 "note 473")[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") Haiti has participated in the [Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_at_the_Olympics) since the year 1900 and won a number of medals.[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") Haitian footballer [Joe Gaetjens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gaetjens) played for the [United States national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team) in the [1950 FIFA World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup), scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team).[\[474\]](../../page/7/#ref-474 "note 474")[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti) [Madan Sara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Sara) [Devastations of Osorio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio) ### Sources - "[Haiti 1987 (rev. 2012)](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Haiti_2012)".[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") Constitute Project.[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") - Heinl, Robert (1996). "[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") [Written in Blood: The History of the Haitian People](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761802303)".[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") University Press of America.[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") - Kinzie, Juliette (1856). "[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") [Wau-Bun, the "Early Day" in the North-West](https://archive.org/details/waubunearlydayin00kinz)".[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") Derby and Jackson.[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") - Meehan, Thomas A. (1963). "[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan".[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society.[661](../../661/ "tree and pragmatics") - Metz, Helen Chapin (2001). "[662](../../662/ "tree and pragmatics") [Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies](https://www.loc.gov/item/2001023524/)".[663](../../663/ "tree and pragmatics") Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.[664](../../664/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading Arthur, Charles. *Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture*. Interlink Publishing Group (2002). ISBN 1-56656-359-3. Dayan, Colin. *Haiti, History, and the Gods*. University of California Press (1998). Ferrer, Ada. *Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution.* New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Geggus, David (1997). "The Naming of Haiti". *NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids*. Girard, Philippe. *Haiti: The Tumultuous History* (New York: Palgrave, September 2010). Hadden, Robert Lee and Steven G. Minson. 2010. [The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science](http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA528274) . US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center. July 2010. [Kovats-Bernat, J. Christopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovats-Bernat,_J._Christopher). *Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Street Children and Violence in Haiti*. University Press of Florida (2008). ISBN 978-0-8130-3302-0. Popkin, Jeremy D. (2026). "The First Emancipation: The Forgotten History of Abolition in Revolutionary France". Princeton University Press. Prichard, Hesketh. *Where Black Rules White: A Journey Across and About Hayti*. These are exact reproductions of a book published before 1923: (Nabu Press, ISBN 978-1-146-67652-6, 5 March 2010); (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-9561835-8-3, 15 October 2012). Robinson, Randall. *[An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Unbroken_Agony:_Haiti,_From_Revolution_to_the_Kidnapping_of_a_President)*. Basic Civitas (2007). ISBN 0-465-07050-7. Wilentz, Amy. *The Rainy Season: Haiti Since Duvalier*. Simon & Schuster (1990). ISBN 0-671-70628-4. Marquis, John. *Papa Doc: Portrait of a Haitian Tyrant* (LMH Publishing, 2007) Robert James, Cyril Lionel (1938). "The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution". [Secker & Warburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secker_&_Warburg). ## External links Government[665](../../665/ "tree and pragmatics") [Prime Minister of Haiti](http://primature.gouv.ht/) [Haitian Parliament](https://web.archive.org/web/20180808161437/http://parlementhaitien.ht/) (archived 8 August 2018) [Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religious Affairs](https://mae.gouv.ht/) [Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population](https://www.mspp.gouv.ht/) General information[666](../../666/ "tree and pragmatics") [Visit Haiti](https://visithaiti.com/) Official Tourism Website[Visit Haiti](https://visithaiti.com/) Official Tourism Website Champlin, John Denison.Champlin, John Denison. [Haiti](https://web.archive.org/web/20260118182544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/). *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency).[Haiti](https://web.archive.org/web/20260118182544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/). *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). [Haiti profile](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm) from the [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News).[Haiti profile](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm) from the [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). [Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti](http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater)[Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti](http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/6/) **7** ## References {#references} 1\. "[Haiti 1987 (rev. 2012) Constitution](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Haiti_2012)". *The Constitute Project*. William S. Hein & Co., Inc.. 2\. "[Haiti](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/)". *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). 22 September 2021. 3\. Robles, Frances (10 November 2024). "[Haitian Prime Minister Is Fired, Adding to the Nation's Turmoil](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/10/us/haiti-prime-minister-garry-conille-fired.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 4\. "[Country Summary](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/summaries/#geography)". Central Intelligence Agency. 5\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/HTI)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 11 May 2025. 6\. "[World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april)". 7\. "[Haiti Overview: Development news, research, data](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview)". 8\. /ˈheɪti/ *HAY-tee*; [French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_French): Haïti a.iti; *Ayiti* ajiti 9\. "[Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987](http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000626/00001/5j)". Ufdc.ufl.edu. 10\. *République d'Haïti*; *Repiblik Ayiti*\[9\] 11\. "[Catalogue description Haitian Declaration of Independence](https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C12756259)". 1 January 1804. 12\. "[National Archives – Haiti](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/dol/images/examples/haiti/0001.pdf)". 13\. [La Constitution Impériale du 20 mai 1805](https://sema-kama.org/la-constitution-imperiale-du-20-mai-1805/) 14\. "[Remember Haiti \| Revolution \| Royaume d'Hayti. Déclaration du roi.](https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/remember_haiti/rev_henri-christophe.php)". *brown.edu*. 15\. "[17201: Corbett: Hayti and Haiti in the English language](http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti-archive-new/msg17201.html)". Webster University. 9 November 2003. 16\. The nation was officially founded as *Hayti* in its Declaration of Independence and early prints,\[11\]\[12\] constitutions,\[13\] and imperial declarations.\[14\] Published writings of 1802–1919 in the United States commonly used the name *Hayti* (e.g. *The Blue Book of Hayti* (1919), a book with official standing in Haiti). By 1873 *Haiti* was common among titles of US published books as well as in US congressional publications. In all of [Frederick Douglass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass)' publications after 1890, he used *Haiti*. As late as 1949, the name *Hayti* continued to be used in books published in England (e.g. *Hayti: 145 Years of Independence—The Bi-Centenary of Port-au-Prince* published in London, England in 1949) but by 1950, usage in England had shifted to *Haiti*.\[15\] 17\. "[Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective](https://books.google.com/books?id=de9NDQAAQBAJ)". Springer. 2016. 18\. "[Current Affairs November 2016 eBook](https://books.google.com/books?id=5wBsDQAAQBAJ)". 2016. 19\. André, Vania (2024-06-16). "[6 Fast facts about Haiti and the Caribbean you should know](https://haitiantimes.com/2024/06/16/6-fast-facts-about-haiti-and-the-caribbean-you-should-know/#:~:text=Haiti%20is%20the%20most%20populous,estimated%20population%20of%2011%20million.)". *The Haitian Times*. 20\. Lawler, Andrew (23 December 2020). "[Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/)". *National Geographic*. 21\. Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492". *The American Historical Review*. 22\. "[Haïti histoire – 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade](http://www.nilstremmel.com/haiti/f_noframes.htm)". Nilstremmel.com. 23\. Danticat, Edwidge (2005). "Anacaona, Golden Flower". *Journal of Haitian Studies*. Scholastic Inc.. 24\. Matthewson, Tim (1996). "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti". *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*. 25\. "[Country profile: Haiti](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm)". *BBC News*. 19 January 2010. 26\. Benjamin Beede (1994). "[The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia](https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/784)". Routledge; 1 edition. - p 223; *The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed.* 27\. Shellenberger, Michael (22 September 2022). "[Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies](https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2022/09/22/haiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies/?sh=406676905169)". *Forbes*. 28\. "[Gang violence displaces a record 1.3 million Haitians](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164286)". *[UN News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_News)*. 11 June 2025. 29\. Taylor, Luke (18 October 2022). "[Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/18/haiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera)". *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*. 30\. Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). "[Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state)". *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*. 31\. Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). "[As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police](https://news.yahoo.com/violence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html)". *[Miami Herald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald)*. 32\. "[OAS – Member State: Haiti](http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=HAI)". *oas.org*. OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. 1 August 2009. 33\. "[Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)](http://www.acs-aec.org/sites/default/files/english_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf)". 2014. 34\. "[International Monetary Fund: List of Members](https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm)". *imf.org*. 35\. "[WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers](https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm)". *wto.org*. 36\. Haydn, Joseph; Vincent, Benjamin (1860). "[A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military, And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire](https://books.google.com/books?id=HOE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321)". 37\. Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcárate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006). "[Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean](https://books.google.com/books?id=qXZeQZMDpgYC&pg=PA41)". Peter Lang Publishing. 38\. Edmond, Louisket (2010). "[The Tears of Haiti](https://books.google.com/books?id=_1wDXEB1fOUC&pg=PA42)". [Xlibris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlibris). 39\. Senauth, Frank (2011). "[The Making and Destruction of Haiti](https://books.google.com/books?id=QBdccuwnqY8C&pg=PA1)". [AuthorHouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse). 40\. The Taínos may have used *Bohío* as another name for the island.\[37\]\[38\]\[39\] 41\. Martineau, Harriet (2010). "[The Hour and the Man: A Fictional Account of the Haitian Revolution and the life of Toussaint L'Ouverture](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp54N7g2CYQC&pg=PA12)". Aruba Heritage Foundation. 42\. Stein, Gail (2003). "[The Complete Idiot's Guide to Learning French](https://books.google.com/books?id=zaT3kj55aTcC&pg=PA18)". Alpha Books. 43\. "[How to Say: Haiti and Port-au-Prince](https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/magazinemonitor/2010/01/how_to_say_haiti_and_portaupri.shtml)". BBC. 44\. Eldin, F. (1878). "[Haïti, 13 ans de séjour aux Antilles](https://books.google.com/books?id=3xAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33)" \[Haiti, 13 years of stay in the Antilles\]. 45\. "[Voyage a Saint-Domingue, pendant les années 1788, 1789 et 1790](https://archive.org/details/voyagesaintdomin00wimp)" \[Travel to Santo Domingo, during the years 1788, 1789 and 1790\]. 1797. 46\. Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo (2021-02-04). "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean". *Nature*. 47\. Cassá, Roberto (1992). "[Los Indios de Las Antillas](https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ-wJ49cNwAC&pg=PA126)". Editorial Abya Yala. 48\. Wilson, Samuel M. (1990). "Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus". University of Alabama Press. 49\. Royal, Robert (Spring 1992). "[1492 and Multiculturalism](http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/ant/ROYAL-01.ANT)". *The Intercollegiate Review*. 50\. Curet, L. Antonio (2014). "[The Taino: Phenomena, Concepts, and Terms](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270422726_The_Taino_Phenomena_Concepts_and_Terms)". *ResearchGate*. Ethnohistory. 51\. "[Columbus the Discoverer](https://archive.org/details/cu31924097691590)". Harper & Brothers Publishers New York and London. 1906. 52\. "["Haiti"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti)". 53\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 10. 54\. "[What Became of the Taíno?](http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/What-Became-of-the-Taino.html)". *[Smithsonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_%28magazine%29)*. October 2011. 55\. Koplow, David A. (2004). "[Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge](https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe00kopl)". University of California Press. 56\. "[History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages](http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_smallpox.shtm)". Texas Department of State Health Services. 57\. Graves, Kerry A. (2002). "[Haiti](https://books.google.com/books?id=8b047XP92i4C&pg=PA22)". Capstone. 58\. "[Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513](http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/BAKEWELL/texts/burgoslaws.html)". Faculty.smu.edu. 59\. "[Encomienda (Spanish policy)](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186567/encomienda)". *Britannica.com*. 60\. Knight, Franklin, *The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism*, 3rd edn, p. 54, New York, Oxford University Press 1990. 61\. Ducoin, Jacques (2013). "Bertrand d'Ogeron, 1613–1676 : fondateur de la colonie de Saint-Domingue et gouverneur des flibustiers". Télégramme. 62\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 11. 63\. "[Dominican Republic – The first colony](http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm)". *Country Studies*. [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress); [Federal Research Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division). 64\. Walter E. Kretchik (2016). "Eyewitness to Chaos: Personal Accounts of the Intervention in Haiti, 1994". University of Nebraska Press. 65\. Coupeau, Steeve (2008). "[The History of Haiti](https://books.google.com/books?id=tA-XfYZFNvkC&pg=PA18)". Greenwood Publishing Group. 66\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 12. 67\. Farmer, Paul (15 April 2004). "[Who removed Aristide?](http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html)". 68\. Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). "[The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History](https://books.google.com/books?id=veMLoyrX0BEC)". Cambridge University Press. 69\. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. (11 December 1995). "[Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World](https://books.google.com/books?id=6K-DocgDY6gC&pg=PA119)". Princeton University Press. 70\. "[Journal of Haitian Studies](https://books.google.com/books?id=_z17AAAAMAAJ)". Haitian Studies Association. 2001. 71\. "[Decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794, Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies](http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/291/)". Chnm.gmu.edu. 72\. "[John Adams Supports Toussaint Louverture, Horrifies Jefferson](https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/john-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson/)". 29 March 2017. 73\. "[1784–1800 – The United States and the Haitian Revolution](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/HaitianRev)". History.state.gov. 74\. Joseph, Raymond A. (22 March 1987). "[Poles in Haiti](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/22/books/poles-in-haiti.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 75\. Scheina, Robert L. (2003). "Latin America's Wars: Volume 1". Potomac Books. 76\. "Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution". [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press). 2009. 77\. Corbett, Bob. "[The Haitian Revolution of 1791–1803](http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution3.htm)". Webster University. 78\. Smucker, Glenn R. (December 1989). "[A Country Study: Haiti](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html)". Library of Congress Federal Research Division. 79\. "[Haitian Revolution: A YPT Guide](https://www.youngpioneertours.com/haitian-revolution-ypt-guide/)". *Young Pioneer Tours*. 7 March 2020. 80\. "[The History of the United States' First Refugee Crisis](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717/)". *Smithsonian Magazine*. 81\. Frasier, Flora (2009). "Venus of Empire:The Life of Pauline Bonaparte". John Murray. 82\. "[The Haitian Debacle: Yellow Fever and the Fate of the French](http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/napoleon/yellow_fever_haiti.htm)". Montana State University. 83\. Adam Hochschild (30 May 2004). "[Birth of a Nation / Has the bloody 200-year history of Haiti doomed it to more violence?](http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/05/30/CMGKG6F3UV1.DTL)". *San Francisco Chronicle*. 84\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 13. 85\. Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (2010). "[African Americans and the Haitian Revolution: Selected Essays and Historical Documents](https://books.google.com/books?id=dZDcAAAAQBAJ&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&pg=PT14)". Routledge. 86\. C.L.R. James, *Black Jacobins* (London: Seckur & Warburg, 1938) 87\. Plassart, Anna (2025-12-29). "[Chapter 9 Rewriting Scottish Enlightenment History: Haiti and the Boundaries of Progress](https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111637181-010/html)". De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 88\. "[The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase](https://gazette.com/woodmenedition/jefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town/article_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.html)". *The Gazette*. 10 June 2021. 89\. Clodfelter, Micheal (23 May 2017). "[Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.](https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199)". McFarland. 90\. Scheina. "Latin America's Wars". Potomac Books. 91\. Christer Petley, *White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 182. 92\. "["A Brief History of Dessalines", 1825 Missionary Journal](http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm)". Webster University. 93\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 209. 94\. Constitution of Haiti \[\] *New-York Evening Post* 15 July 1805. 95\. "[Monthly Magazine and British Register](https://books.google.com/books?id=YVEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335)". R. Phillips. 1819. 96\. Boyce Davies, Carole (2008). "[Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. A-C. Volume 1](https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6SDKfWftYC&pg=PA380)". ABC-CLIO. 97\. Popkin, Jeremy D. (15 February 2010). "[Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection](https://books.google.com/books?id=VSeLGtVm0iIC&pg=PA363)". University of Chicago Press. 98\. Popkin, Jeremy D. (11 February 2011). "[The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804](https://books.google.com/books?id=03XSP22p3kgC)". University of Alabama Press. 99\. "[The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev)". *history.state.gov*. 100\. "[From Saint-Domingue to Louisiana, The African-American Migration Experience](http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8303469141230638453792?migration=5&topic=2&bhcp=1)". Inmotionaame.org. 101\. "[Haitians](http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/cultural/The_People/haitian.html)". Center for Cultural & Eco-Tourism, University of Louisiana. 102\. "[In Congo Square: Colonial New Orleans](http://www.thenation.com/article/congo-square-colonial-new-orleans?page=0,1)". Thenation.com. 10 December 2008. 103\. Sontag, Deborah. "[News about Haiti, including commentary and archival articles published in *The New York Times*](http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 104\. Bell, Madison Smartt (10 June 2009). "[Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography](https://books.google.com/books?id=3lPaBA9nMZkC)". New York: Pantheon, 2007 (Vintage Books, 2008). 105\. Sutherland, Claudia E. (16 July 2007). "[Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)](http://www.blackpast.org/gah/haitian-revolution-1791-1804)". 106\. Peguero, Valentina (Nov 1998). "Teaching the Haitian Revolution: Its Place in Western and Modern World History". *The History Teacher*. 107\. Thompson, Krista A (Fall 2007). "Preoccupied with Haiti: The Dream of Diaspora in African American Art, 1915–1942". *American Art*. 108\. "Simón Bolívar: essays on the life and legacy of the liberator". Rowman & Littlefield. 2008. 109\. "[La Reconquista: Batalla de Palo Hincado (La Reconquista: Battle of Palo Hincado) (In Spanish)](http://www.jmarcano.com/mipais/historia/batallas/phincado.html)". Mi país: Historia (My Country). 29 July 2010. 110\. Sagás, Ernesto (14 October 1994). "[An apparent contradiction? Popular perceptions of Haiti and the foreign policy of the Dominican Republic](http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/esagas2.shtml)". Sixth Annual Conference of the Haitian Studies Association. 111\. "[Dominican Republic – History](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/168728/Dominican-Republic/129491/History)". *Britannica.com*. 112\. "[Jean-Pierre Boyer (President of Haiti)](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76479/Jean-Pierre-Boyer?anchor=ref126082)". *Britannica.com*. 113\. 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"[Official: Haiti President Jovenel Moïse assassinated at home](https://apnews.com/article/caribbean-haiti-government-and-politics-b56a0f8fec0832028bdc51e8d59c6af2)". *AP NEWS*. 7 July 2021. 222\. "[Haiti – Background](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/)". *The World Factbook*. CIA. 15 June 2022. 223\. Hu, Caitlin; Gallón, Natalie; Rivers, Matt; Dupain, Etant (19 July 2021). "[Haiti's acting prime minister Claude Joseph to step down amid power struggle after president's assassination](https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/americas/haiti-acting-pm-claude-joseph-to-step-down-intl/index.html)". *CNN*. 224\. "[Haiti struck by deadly 7.2-magnitude earthquake](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58215631)". *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News)*. 14 August 2021. 225\. Cavallo, Eduardo; Giles Álvarez, Laura; Powell, Andrew (28 September 2021). 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"[American FactFinder – Results](http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table)". U.S. Census Bureau. 396\. Pina, Diógenes (21 March 2007). "[DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Deport Thy (Darker-Skinned) Neighbour](http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018)". Inter Press Service (IPS). 397\. [Haiti in Cuba](http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm) Retrieved 30 December 2013. 398\. "[Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data](http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All)"., Statistics Canada (2006). 399\. "[France Suspends Expulsions Of Illegal Haitians](https://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/france-suspends-expulsions-of-illegal-haitians-1.567985)". *Gulfnews.com*. 14 January 2010. 400\. Davis, Nick (20 September 2009). "[Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8257660.stm)". *BBC News*. 401\. Kinzie 1856, p. 190 402\. Meehan 1963, p. 445 403\. Cohn, Scotti (2009). "It Happened in Chicago". Globe Pequot Press. 404\. Lewis, p. 18. 405\. "[Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Haiti \| Data](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=HT)". *data.worldbank.org*. 406\. Wingfield, Roland; Parenton, Vernon J. (1965). "Class Structure and Class Conflict in Haitian Society". *Social Forces*. 407\. Smucker, Glenn R (December 1989). "[A Country Study: Haiti; The Upper Class](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ht0033%29)". Library of Congress Federal Research Division. 408\. Lobb, John (2018). "Caste and Class in Haiti". *American Journal of Sociology*. 409\. "[La langue française dans le monde 2014](http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf)". Nathan. 2014. 410\. À ce propos, voir l'essai *Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname*, Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995 411\. "[What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?](https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-haiti.html)". 29 July 2019. 412\. "[Schools Teaching in Creole Instead of French on the Rise in Haiti](https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/schools-teaching-creole-instead-french-rise-haiti/)". 13 November 2019. 413\. Valdman, Albert. "[Creole: The National Language of Haiti](http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html)". *Footsteps*. Indiana University Creole Institute. 414\. "[Haitian Creole](https://celt.indiana.edu/portal/haitian-creole/index.html)". *[Indiana University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University) – Center for Language Technology*. 415\. Valdman, Albert. "[Creole: National Language of Haiti](http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html)". [Indiana University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University). 416\. Bonenfant, Jacques L. (December 1989). "[History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language](http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf)". Library of Congress Federal Research Division. 417\. Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex (2013). "[Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami](https://books.google.com/books?id=40SIdXeUEhUC&pg=PA6)". NYU Press. 418\. Lee, Morgan (13 November 2014). "[Sorry, Pope Francis: Protestants Are Converting Catholics Across Latin America](https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2014/november/sorry-pope-francis-protestants-catholics-latin-america-pew.html)". *News & Reporting*. 419\. "[Religion in Latin America](http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/)". 13 November 2014. 420\. "[Overview: Pentecostalism in Latin America](http://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/overview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america/)". 5 October 2006. 421\. "[Cardinal Chibly Langlois](https://collegeofcardinalsreport.com/cardinals/chibly-langlois/)". *The College of Cardinals Report*. 2024-11-23. 422\. Blier, Suzanne Preston (1995). "Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou". Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. 423\. McAlister, Elizabeth (1998). "[Gatherings in Diaspora](https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-46)". Temple Univ. Press. 424\. "[In Haiti, Young People Are Driving a Vodou Revival](https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/haiti-young-people-driving-vodou-revival/)". *Global Press Journal*. 2024-04-02. 425\. "[Haitians Turn to Vodou to Treat Mental Illness](https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/haitians-turn-vodou-treat-mental-illness/)". *Global Press Journal*. 2021-09-29. 426\. "[Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith Haitian Religion in Miami](https://books.google.com/books?id=UT0nAAAAQBAJ)". NYU Press. 2013. 427\. "[Ministry of Education](http://menfp.gouv.ht/)". 428\. "[Education in Haiti; Primary Education](http://www.buildingwithbooks.org/intra/Intl_Programs/profile_Haiti.html)". 429\. "[Education: Overview](http://www.usaid.gov/Haiti/education)". *United States Agency for International Development*. 430\. "[Haiti boosts health and education in the past decade, says new UNDP report](http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/06/25/haiti-makes-progress-towards-reducing-poverty-and-boosts-health-and-education-in-the-past-decade-says-new-undp-report.html)". *United Nations Development Programme*. 431\. "[Country Profile](https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/11/gal_country_profiles_haiti.pdf?hub=90)". *UNESCO*. October 2022. 432\. Franz, Paul (25 October 2010). "[Improving Access to Education in Haiti](http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/improving-access-education-haiti)". Pulitzercenter.org. 433\. "[Haiti](https://brown.edu/initiatives/global-health/haiti/medical-education-and-leadership-development-project-meld)". 434\. "[Haiti to vaccinate 95 percent of children under 10](http://www.ksl.com/?sid=20314561)". *KSL.com*. 435\. "[PAHO/WHO \| Pan American Health Organization](https://www.paho.org/en)". *www.paho.org*. 436\. "[Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2013–14 School Year](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6341a1.htm)". 437\. "[CDC Global Health – Stories – 5 things CDC has done to help rebuild Haiti's immunization system since the 2010 earthquake](https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/haitian_children.html)". 438\. "[Haiti Survivors Face Outbreaks of Diarrhea](http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-14/haiti-survivors-face-outbreaks-of-diarrhea-measles-malaria.html)". *BusinessWeek*. 14 January 2010. 439\. Park, Madison (13 January 2010). "[Haiti earthquake could trigger possible medical 'perfect storm](https://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/01/13/haiti.earthquake.medical.risks/)". cnn.com. 440\. Leahy, Stephen (13 November 2008). "[Haiti Can't Face More Defeats](https://www.ipsnews.net/2008/11/environment-haiti-cant-face-more-defeats/)". Ipsnews.net. 441\. "[The World Factbook: HAITI. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 12 Jan. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. — Central Intelligence Agency](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/)". *cia.gov*. 22 September 2021. 442\. Masurand, Jack; Koenig, Serena; Julma, Pierrot; Ocheretina, Oksana; Durán-Mendicuti, Maria; Fitzgerald, Daniel; Pape, Jean (30 May 2017). "Active Tuberculosis Case Finding in Haiti". *The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene*. 443\. "[Haiti and Dominican Republic Look to Eradicate Malaria](https://www.foxnews.com/story/haiti-and-dominican-republic-look-to-eradicate-malaria)". Foxnews.com. 8 October 2009. 444\. Robert Lee Hadden; Steven G. Minson (2010). "[The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science](http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA528274)". 445\. "[Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Haiti, United States \| Data](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=HT-US)". *data.worldbank.org*. 446\. "[Solar-Powered Hospital in Haiti Yields Sustainable Savings](http://www.pih.org/blog/solar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields-sustainable-savings)". 447\. "[Solar Powered Hospital](http://www.engineering.com/ElectronicsDesign/ElectronicsDesignArticles/ArticleID/5883/Solar-Powered-Hospital.aspx)". Engineering.com. 23 June 2013. 448\. Yurnet-Thomas, Mirta (2002). "[A Taste of Haiti](https://books.google.com/books?id=giQaoQz8N0AC&pg=PA13)". Hippocrene Books. 449\. "[More than 300,000 people celebrated the Carnival 2012 in Les Cayes](http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5009-haiti-culture-more-than-300-000-people-celebrated-the-carnival-2012-in-les-cayes.html)". Haitilibre.com. 22 February 2012. 450\. DeGennaro, Vincent (19 March 2014). "[Global Doc: Kanaval](https://magazine.nd.edu/news/47009-global-doc-kanaval/)". 451\. "[Rara \| Haitian Music](http://www.haitianmusic.net/haitian-folk-music/rara)". *Haitian Music*. 17 April 2012. 452\. "[Rara: Vodou, Power, and Performance](https://music.si.edu/story/rara-vodou-power-and-performance)". *Smithsonian Music*. 8 March 2016. 453\. "[National History Park – Citadel, Sans the great Souci, Ramiers](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/180)". UNESCO. 454\. "[Heritage in Haiti](https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/579)". UNESCO. 20 January 2010. 455\. "[Haiti's Citadelle Described As 8th Wonder of the World](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19780129&id=BN4hAAAAIBAJ&pg=5745,4456684)". United Press International. 29 January 1978. 456\. "[Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National](http://www.haiti.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121&Itemid=90)". Haiti.org. 457\. Paret, Robert (2010). "MUPANAH and the Promotion of Historical and Cultural Values". *Museum International*. 458\. Onofre, Alejandro Guevara. "[Haiti – Culture And Sports](http://globalfaithinaction.org/haiti-culture-and-sports/)". 459\. Legro, Tom (11 January 2011). "[In Haiti, Art Remains a Solid Cornerstone](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/haiti)". [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS). 460\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 36. 461\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti*, p. 37. 462\. "[Music and the Story of Haiti](http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti)". *Afropop Worldwide*. 463\. "[Haitian music billboard](http://www.heritagekonpa.com/The%20Haitian%20Music%20Billboard.htm)". 10 February 2010. 464\. Averill, Gage (1997). "[A Day for the Hunter, a Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti](https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEL9mUcVA8C&pg=PA23)". University of Chicago Press. 465\. Nzengou-Tayo, Marie-José (2012). "[The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education](https://books.google.com/books?id=4xbGzLuBvWwC&pg=PA153)". Lexington Books. 466\. Douglas, Rachel (2009). "[Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress](https://books.google.com/books?id=ewyPMi4WZPAC)". Lexington Books. 467\. Munro, Martin (2013). "[Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature: Alexis, Depestre, Ollivier, Laferrière, Danticat](https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-m0n2yww8C&pg=PA14)". Liverpool University Press. 468\. Clammer, Paul (2016), *Bradt Travel Guide - Haiti*, p. 35. 469\. "[Pumpkin Soup – Soup Joumou](http://www.creolemadeeasy.com/cmejom/free/recipes/127-pumpkin-soup-soup-joumou.html)". Creolemadeeasy.com. 470\. Toman, Chris (13 May 2012). "[Blue Jays helping bring baseball to Haiti](https://www.mlb.com/news/blue-jays-helping-bring-baseball-to-haiti/c-31222026)". [Major League Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball). 471\. Arthur, Charles (2002). "[Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture](https://books.google.com/books?id=XCi9jFR6v1oC&pg=PA82)". Interlink Pub Group Inc. 472\. "[History of Caribbean teams in the FIFA World Cup](https://www.caribbeanandco.com/history-caribbean-teams-fifa-world-cup/)". 473\. "['Breath of fresh air': Haiti qualify for first Women's World Cup](https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/2/22/haiti-qualify-for-first-womens-football-world-cup)". *Al Jazeera*. 474\. Ewen MacAskill (10 June 2010). "[World Cup 2010: How the USA's 1950 amateurs upset England and the odds](https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/jun/10/world-cup-2010-usa-1950-england)". *The Guardian*. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/6/) **7** - ← previous: [page 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Haiti/page/6/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)