--- title: Hanoi — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Hanoi», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Hanoi (/hæˈnɔɪ/ ha-NOY; Hà Nội, haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ) is the capital and second-most populous centrally-governed city of Vietnam. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Hanoi # Hanoi From Wikipedia, [«Hanoi»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Hanoi», whole: 34 sections, 329 sentences and 5681 words, its 146 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/page/3/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Hanoi** | | | **Capital · [Centrally-governed city (special)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam)** | | | Hà Nội City; Thành phố Hà NộiHà Nội Capital; Thủ đô Hà Nội | | | Nickname(s):; City of soaring dragon; (Thành phố rồng bay)[\[1\]](page/3/#ref-1 "note 1"); Thousand-year-long capital of civilisation; (Thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến)[\[2\]](page/3/#ref-2 "note 2") | | | Coordinates: | | Country | [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) [corpus](../Vietnam/ "in our corpus") | | [Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Vietnam) | [Red River Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Delta) | | Capital establishment | 1010 | | French occupation | [20 November 1873](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_%281873%29) | | Colonial liberation | [10 October 1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_Vietnam#October) | | [Subdivisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Vietnam) ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Hanoi)) | 51 [wards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_%28Vietnam%29); 75 [communes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_%28Vietnam%29) | | **Government** | | | • Body | Hanoi People's Council | | • Secretary of the [Party Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam) | Nguyễn Duy Ngọc | | • Chairwoman of People's Council | Phùng Thị Hồng Hà | | • Chairman of People's Committee | [Vũ Đại Thắng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vũ_Đại_Thắng) | | • Chairman of [Fatherland Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front) | Bùi Huyền Mai | | **Area [\[3\]](page/3/#ref-3 "note 3")** | | | • Total | 3,359.84 km² (1,297.24 sq mi) | | • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) [\[4\]](page/3/#ref-4 "note 4") | 319.56 km² (123.38 sq mi) | | • Metro [\[5\]](page/3/#ref-5 "note 5")[\[6\]](page/3/#ref-6 "note 6") | 24,314.7 km² (9,388.0 sq mi) | | Highest elevation [\[7\]](page/3/#ref-7 "note 7") | 1,296 m (4,252 ft) | | Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | | **Population (2025)[\[8\]](page/3/#ref-8 "note 8")** | | | • Total | 8,855,946 | | • Rank | [2nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam) | | • Density | 2,635.8/km² (6,826.8/sq mi) | | • [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area) [\[6\]](page/3/#ref-6 "note 6") | 19,795,805 | | • Metro density | 814.1/km² (2,108.6/sq mi) | | Demonym | Hanoian | | **[Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam) [\[9\]](page/3/#ref-9 "note 9")** | | | • [Viet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_people)[\[10\]](page/3/#ref-10 "note 10") | 98.66% | | • [Mường](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muong_people) | 0.77% | | • [Tày](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tày_people) | 0.24% | | • [Thái](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people_in_Vietnam) | 0.09% | | • [Nùng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nùng_people) | 0.08% | | • Others | 0.16% | | **GDP (Nominal, 2023)[\[11\]](page/3/#ref-11 "note 11")** | | | • Metro | US$97.2 billion | | • Per capita | US$4,900 | | [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone) | [UTC+07:00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+07:00) ([ICT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina_Time)) | | [Postal code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Vietnam) | 10xxx–14xxx | | [Area codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vietnam) | 24 | | [ISO 3166 code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) | [VN-HN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VN) | | [License plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Vietnam) | 29–33, 40 | | [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (2023) | 0.845[\[12\]](page/3/#ref-12 "note 12"); ([1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Vietnam_by_Human_Development_Index)) | Hanoi (/hæˈnɔɪ/ ha-NOY; Hà Nội, haː˨˩ noj˧˨ʔ) is the capital and second-most populous [centrally-governed city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam) of [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) [corpus](../Vietnam/ "in our corpus").[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") It covers an area of 3358.6 km2,[\[13\]](page/3/#ref-13 "note 13") and as of 2025 has a population of 8,807,523.[\[8\]](page/3/#ref-8 "note 8")[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") Hanoi had the second-highest [gross regional domestic product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product) of all Vietnamese provinces and centrally-governed city at US$48 billion in 2023,[\[14\]](page/3/#ref-14 "note 14") behind [Ho Chi Minh City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City).[\[15\]](page/3/#ref-15 "note 15")[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") It hosts [78 foreign embassies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Vietnam), the headquarters of the [Vietnam People's Army (VPA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam), its [Vietnam National University system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_University,_Hanoi), and other governmental organizations.[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") Hanoi had 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") It hosts the [Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Citadel_of_Thăng_Long), [Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum), [Hoàn Kiếm Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoàn_Kiếm_Lake), [West Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lake_%28Hanoi%29), and [Ba Vì National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Vì_National_Park) near the outskirts of the municipality.[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") Hanoi's urban area has [architectural styles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style), including pre-colonial [Vietnamese architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_architecture), [French colonial architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_architecture), [brutalist apartments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture) and disorganized [alleys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley) and [tube houses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_house) stemming from the city's growth in the 20th century.[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1010, under the [Lý dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lý_dynasty), emperor [Lý Thái Tổ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lý_Thái_Tổ) established the capital of the imperial nation [Đại Việt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đại_Việt) in what would later become central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long (tʰɐŋ loŋ, 'ascending dragon').[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1428, king [Lê Lợi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lê_Lợi) renamed the city to Đông Kinh (ɗoŋ kīŋ̟, 'eastern capital'), with the city using this name until 1789.[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1802, the [Nguyễn dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_dynasty) moved the national capital to [Huế](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huế) and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831.[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") Hanoi served as the capital of [French Indochina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina) from 1902 to 1945 and of the French protectorate of [Tonkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_%28French_protectorate%29) from 1883 to 1949.[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") After the [August Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Revolution) and the fall of the Nguyễn dynasty, the [Democratic Republic of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam) (DRV) designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country.[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") From 1949 to 1954, Hanoi was part of the [State of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Vietnam).[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") It was again part of the DRV from 1954 to 1976.[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1976, Hanoi became the capital of the unified [Socialist Republic of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam).[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Names Hanoi was known as Long Biên (龍編, lit.[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘dragons interweaving’), then Tống Bình (宋平, lit.[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘[Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty) pacification’) and Long Đỗ (龍肚, lit.[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘dragon belly’).[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") Long Biên later gave its name to the [Long Biên Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Biên_Bridge), built during [French colonial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina) times.[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") Some older names of Hanoi feature long (龍,), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.[\[17\]](page/3/#ref-17 "note 17")[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (大羅, lit.[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘big net’).[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") This gave it the nickname La Thành (羅城, lit.[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘La citadel’).[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") When [Lý Thái Tổ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lý_Thái_Tổ) established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long (昇龍).[\[18\]](page/3/#ref-18 "note 18")[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), a term derived from [Longbian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Biên) ([Middle Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese): Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.[\[20\]](page/3/#ref-20 "note 20")[\[21\]](page/3/#ref-21 "note 21")[\[22\]](page/3/#ref-22 "note 22")[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Environment Hanoi sometimes ranks among the "most polluted cities", with days each year when it is the most air-polluted city in the world.[\[23\]](page/3/#ref-23 "note 23")[\[24\]](page/3/#ref-24 "note 24")[\[25\]](page/3/#ref-25 "note 25")[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2018 Global Air Quality Report, Hanoi's fine dust concentration was four times higher than the [WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization)'s recommended limit (40.8 μg/m3 compared to the recommended 10 μg/m3).[\[26\]](page/3/#ref-26 "note 26")[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") A report by Vietnam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment stated that Hanoi is the most air-polluted city in the country.[\[27\]](page/3/#ref-27 "note 27")[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") The rivers flowing through Hanoi (Nhuệ River, [Tô Lịch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tô_Lịch_River) River, Kim Ngưu River, Lừ River, and Sét River) and some lakes are polluted, as 78% of Hanoi's wastewater is discharged directly into rivers and lakes without treatment.[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") Each of these rivers receives tens of thousands of cubic meters of wastewater daily.[\[28\]](page/3/#ref-28 "note 28")[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate When using the [Köppen climate classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification), Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced [humid subtropical climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate) ([Köppen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) [Cwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate))[\[29\]](page/3/#ref-29 "note 29") with precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam.[\[30\]](page/3/#ref-30 "note 30")[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons.[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") Summer, from May to September, is characterized by hot and humid weather with more rainfall, and fewer dry days.[\[32\]](page/3/#ref-32 "note 32")[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rarer.[\[32\]](page/3/#ref-32 "note 32")[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild.[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi a dry winter.[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is characterized with some amounts of drizzle and less sunshine due to the activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland.[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[\[32\]](page/3/#ref-32 "note 32") [\[33\]](page/3/#ref-33 "note 33") and the Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[\[34\]](page/3/#ref-34 "note 34")[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") The region has a positive [water balance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_balance) (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the [potential evapotranspiration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration)).[\[35\]](page/3/#ref-35 "note 35")[\[36\]](page/3/#ref-36 "note 36")[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") Hanoi averages 1612 mm of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October.[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") There are an average of 114 days with rain.[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C, with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%.[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 C and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 C. The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C on 12 January 1955.[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") During a [January 2016 cold wave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_East_Asia_cold_wave), snow was seen to appear on the nearby [Ba Vì mountain range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Vì_mountain_range), where the temperature fell to 0 C on 24 January 2016.[\[37\]](page/3/#ref-37 "note 37")[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History See also: [History of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnam) ### Prehistory Vestiges of human habitation from the [Palaeolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic) and [Mesolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic) ages can be found in Hanoi.[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of [Sơn Vi Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sơn_Vi_Culture), dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.[\[38\]](page/3/#ref-38 "note 38")[\[39\]](page/3/#ref-39 "note 39")[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (later is [National Museum of Vietnamese History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History)) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of [Đồng Mô Lake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đồng_Mô_Lake) ([Sơn Tây](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sơn_Tây,_Hanoi), Hanoi), finding relics and objects belonging to the [Sơn Vi culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sơn_Vi_culture) dating back to the [Paleolithic age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_age) around 20,000 years ago.[\[40\]](page/3/#ref-40 "note 40")[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") During the Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data show the coastline was inundated and was located near Hanoi.[\[41\]](page/3/#ref-41 "note 41")[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.[\[38\]](page/3/#ref-38 "note 38")[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.[\[42\]](page/3/#ref-42 "note 42")[\[43\]](page/3/#ref-43 "note 43")[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cổ Loa and Nanyue In around third century BC, a fortified citadel, later named as [Cổ Loa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cổ_Loa), is constructed in what later is Hanoi,[\[44\]](page/3/#ref-44 "note 44") and is the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,[\[45\]](page/3/#ref-45 "note 45") with an outer embankment covering 600 [hectares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares).[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") In 179 BC, the area was annexed by [Nanyue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyue).[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his [Nanyue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyue) domain, and left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.[\[46\]](page/3/#ref-46 "note 46")[\[47\]](page/3/#ref-47 "note 47")[\[48\]](page/3/#ref-48 "note 48")[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.[\[49\]](page/3/#ref-49 "note 49")[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Chinese rule In 111 BC, the Han dynasty [conquered Nanyue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue) and ruled it.[\[50\]](page/3/#ref-50 "note 50")[\[51\]](page/3/#ref-51 "note 51")[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") [Han dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty) organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.[\[52\]](page/3/#ref-52 "note 52")[\[53\]](page/3/#ref-53 "note 53")[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") In March[\[54\]](page/3/#ref-54 "note 54") of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of an aristocratic family of [Lac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Viet) ethnicity[\[55\]](page/3/#ref-55 "note 55") in [Mê Linh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mê_Linh_district) district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.[\[54\]](page/3/#ref-54 "note 54")[\[56\]](page/3/#ref-56 "note 56")[\[57\]](page/3/#ref-57 "note 57")[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") It began at the [Red River Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Delta), and spread south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,[\[57\]](page/3/#ref-57 "note 57")[\[55\]](page/3/#ref-55 "note 55") gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.[\[56\]](page/3/#ref-56 "note 56")[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.[\[58\]](page/3/#ref-58 "note 58")[\[59\]](page/3/#ref-59 "note 59")[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general [Ma Yuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28Han_dynasty%29) to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.[\[56\]](page/3/#ref-56 "note 56")[\[58\]](page/3/#ref-58 "note 58")[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") The rebellion was defeated in the next year as [Ma Yuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Yuan_%28Han_dynasty%29) captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in [Luoyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang).[\[60\]](page/3/#ref-60 "note 60")[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of what later was Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) [Liu Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_Dynasty) [dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties) as the [seat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat) of a new district called [Tống Bình](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tống_Bình) (Songping) within [Giao Chỉ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaozhi_Commandery) [commandery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandery_%28China%29).[\[61\]](page/3/#ref-61 "note 61")[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464.[\[62\]](page/3/#ref-62 "note 62")[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (later is [Từ Liêm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Từ_Liêm_District) and [Hoài Đức](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoài_Đức_District) districts) with a metropolis in what later was inner Hanoi.[\[63\]](page/3/#ref-63 "note 63")[66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") By the year 679, the [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty) changed the region's name to [Annan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annam_%28Chinese_province%29), with [Songping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songping) as its capital.[\[64\]](page/3/#ref-64 "note 64")[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty), built Luocheng to suppress uprisings.[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what later was [Ba Đình district](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Đình_district).[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng.[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") In 863, the kingdom of [Nanzhao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanzhao), and local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.[\[65\]](page/3/#ref-65 "note 65")[\[66\]](page/3/#ref-66 "note 66")[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") In 866, Chinese [jiedushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi) [Gao Pian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Pian) recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.[\[66\]](page/3/#ref-66 "note 66")[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") He renamed the city to Daluocheng.[73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.[\[67\]](page/3/#ref-67 "note 67")[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and [Nestorian Christians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East).[\[68\]](page/3/#ref-68 "note 68")[75](75/ "tree and pragmatics") It became a trading center of the [Tang dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty) due to the ransacking of [Guangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou) by the [Huang Chao Rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion).[\[65\]](page/3/#ref-65 "note 65")[76](76/ "tree and pragmatics") By tenth century AD, what later was Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin.[\[69\]](page/3/#ref-69 "note 69")[77](77/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Thăng Long, Đông Đô, Đông Quan, Đông Kinh In 1010, [Lý Thái Tổ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lý_Thái_Tổ), the first ruler of the [Lý dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lý_dynasty), moved the capital of [Đại Việt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đại_Việt) to the site of the Đại La Citadel.[78](78/ "tree and pragmatics") Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍).[79](79/ "tree and pragmatics") Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to [Thanh Hóa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_Hóa_%28city%29), then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital".[80](80/ "tree and pragmatics") Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital".[81](81/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/page/3/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Hanoi/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)