---
title: Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi… — Hanoi · tree and pragmatics
description: Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), a term derived from Longbian (Middle Chinese: Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese. Who acts: Muslim traders. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Hanoi» with its dependency tree a
---

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# Hanoi, sentence 27

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From Wikipedia, [«Hanoi»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), a term derived from Longbian (Middle Chinese: Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.

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**Who acts:** Muslim traders · **What happens:** refer, derive, use, mention · **To what, where:** 12th century, Hanoi, term, Vietnamese, Arab manuscripts

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Hanoi». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Muslim traders), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Hanoi:27
# text = Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as Luqin (لوكين), a term derived from Longbian (Middle Chinese: Ljowng-pen), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.
1	Arab	Arab	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	manuscripts	manuscript	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	between	between	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	9th	9th	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	2	nmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	12th	12th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	8	amod	_	_
8	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	referred	refer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Hanoi	Hanoi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Luqin	Luqin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	لوكين	لوكين	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
20	derived	derive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Longbian	Longbian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	obl:agent	_	_
23	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	Chinese	Chinese	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	_
27	Ljowng	Ljowng	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	pen	pen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
33	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	35	aux:pass	_	_
34	originally	originally	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
36	by	by	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	Muslim	Muslim	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obl:agent	_	_
39	to	to	PART	TO	_	40	mark	_	_
40	mention	mention	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	advcl	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	Vietnamese	Vietnamese	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	40	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refer** | participle |  | 12th century *not said here* | Hanoi |  |  | as Luqin | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to hanoi=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **derive** | participle |  | a term *not said here* |  |  |  | Longbian *obl:agent* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **use** | past · passive | Muslim traders |  |  |  |  | originally *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **mention** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | Muslim traders *not said here* | the Vietnamese |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent vietnamese=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Hanoi», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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