---
title: Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in popul… — Iceland · tree and pragmatics
description: Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the mid-19th century, from about 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Iceland» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Iceland, sentence 409

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From Wikipedia, [«Iceland»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the mid-19th century, from about 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008.

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**What happens:** improve, trigger · **To what, where:** Improving living conditions, 60,000

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Iceland». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Iceland:409
# text = Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the mid-19th century, from about 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008.
1	Improving	improve	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
2	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	triggered	trigger	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	rapid	rapid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	increase	increase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	since	since	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	mid-19th	mid-19th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	14	amod	_	_
14	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	about	about	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	60,000	60000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	obl	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	1850	1850	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nmod	_	_
21	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	320,000	320,000	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nmod	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	2008	2008	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **improve** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **trigger** | present · perfect · passive |  | Improving living conditions |  | 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008 | century | a rapid increase *obj* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Theme increase=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Iceland», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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