---
title: Research and development spending in Indonesia has historically been… — Indonesia · tree and pragmatics
description: Research and development spending in Indonesia has historically been low, with limited private-sector participation and weak coordination among government agencies. Who acts: Research. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Indonesia» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Indonesia, sentence 225

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From Wikipedia, [«Indonesia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Research and development spending in Indonesia has historically been low, with limited private-sector participation and weak coordination among government agencies.

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**Who acts:** Research · **What happens:** be

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Indonesia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Research), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Indonesia:225
# text = Research and development spending in Indonesia has historically been low, with limited private-sector participation and weak coordination among government agencies.
1	Research	research	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
3	development	development	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	spending	spending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Indonesia	Indonesia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
8	historically	historically	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	cop	_	_
10	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
13	limited	limited	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
14	private	private	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	sector	sector	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	participation	participation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	coordination	coordination	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
21	among	among	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	agencies	agency	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present · perfect | Research and development spending in Indonesia |  |  |  |  | with limited sector participation among government agencies and weak coordination; historically, low *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Indonesia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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