---
title: However, upon return, Khomeini pledged to defeat the interim governm… — Iran · tree and pragmatics
description: However, upon return, Khomeini pledged to defeat the interim government led by Bakhtiar and claimed to support free democratic elections. Who acts: Khomeini. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Iran» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Iran, sentence 181

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From Wikipedia, [«Iran»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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However, upon return, Khomeini pledged to defeat the interim government led by Bakhtiar and claimed to support free democratic elections.

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**Who acts:** Khomeini · **What happens:** pledge, defeat, lead, claim, support · **To what, where:** interim government, free democratic elections

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Iran». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Khomeini), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Iran:181
# text = However, upon return, Khomeini pledged to defeat the interim government led by Bakhtiar and claimed to support free democratic elections.
1	However	however	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	return	return	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	Khomeini	Khomeini	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	pledged	pledge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	defeat	defeat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	interim	interim	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Bakhtiar	Bakhtiar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl:agent	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	claimed	claim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	support	support	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	democratic	democratic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	elections	election	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pledge** | past | Khomeini |  |  |  |  | upon return; however *property* | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **defeat** | to-infinitive | Khomeini *not said here* | the interim government |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **lead** | participle |  | the interim government *not said here* |  |  |  | Bakhtiar *obl:agent* | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 4 | **claim** *speech: other* | past | Khomeini *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **support** | to-infinitive | Khomeini *not said here* | free democratic elections |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer election=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Iran», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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