---
title: By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the Gaelic revival… — Ireland · tree and pragmatics
description: By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the Gaelic revival, which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish. Who acts: cultural nationalists, Gaelic revival. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Ireland» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Ireland, sentence 437

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From Wikipedia, [«Ireland»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the Gaelic revival, which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish.

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**Who acts:** cultural nationalists, Gaelic revival · **What happens:** begin, see · **To what, where:** Gaelic revival, beginnings, Irish, modern literature

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Ireland». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cultural nationalists, Gaelic revival), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Ireland:437
# text = By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the Gaelic revival, which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	1900	1900	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
4	however	however	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	cultural	cultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	nationalists	nationalist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	begun	begin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Gaelic	gaelic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	revival	revival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	beginnings	beginning	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	literature	literature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Irish	Irish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past · perfect | cultural nationalists | the Gaelic revival |  |  |  | by 1900; however *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent revival=Eventuality |
| 2 | **see** | past | the Gaelic revival | the beginnings of modern literature |  | Irish |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer beginning=Stimulus |
| 3 | **begin** |  |  | modern literature |  |  |  |  | nom beginning «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Ireland», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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