--- title: Ireland — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Ireland», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Ireland # Ireland · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Ireland»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/6/) **7** For this reason, pork and [white meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_meat) were more common than beef, and thick fatty strips of salted [bacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon) (known as rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. a dairy product rather than beef itself) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages.[\[214\]](../../page/7/#ref-214 "note 214")[565](../../565/ "tree and pragmatics") The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter (not unlike the practice of the [Maasai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_people)) was common[\[215\]](../../page/7/#ref-215 "note 215") and [black pudding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pudding), made from blood, grain (usually barley) and seasoning, remains a breakfast staple in Ireland.[566](../../566/ "tree and pragmatics") All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the "[breakfast roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_roll)".[567](../../567/ "tree and pragmatics") The introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter.[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food, and by the mid-19th century, the vast majority of the population sufficed with a diet of potatoes and milk.[\[216\]](../../page/7/#ref-216 "note 216")[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") A typical family, consisting of a man, a woman and four children, would eat 18 st of potatoes per week.[\[214\]](../../page/7/#ref-214 "note 214")[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") Consequently, dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental simplicity to cooking, such as the [Irish stew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_stew), [bacon and cabbage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage), [boxty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxty), a type of potato pancake, or [colcannon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colcannon), a dish of [mashed potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potatoes) and [kale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale) or [cabbage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage).[\[214\]](../../page/7/#ref-214 "note 214")[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a "New Irish Cuisine" based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences[\[217\]](../../page/7/#ref-217 "note 217") has emerged.[\[218\]](../../page/7/#ref-218 "note 218")[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, [oysters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster), [mussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel) and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made [cheeses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_cheeses) that are now being produced across the country.[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") An example of this new cuisine is "Dublin Lawyer": lobster cooked in whiskey and cream.[\[219\]](../../page/7/#ref-219 "note 219")[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") The potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the Irish remain the highest per capita[\[214\]](../../page/7/#ref-214 "note 214") consumers of potatoes in Europe.[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country, for example [coddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coddle) in Dublin or [drisheen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drisheen) in Cork, both a type of sausage, or [blaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaa), a doughy white bread particular to Waterford.[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") Ireland once dominated the world's market for whiskey, producing 90% of the world's whiskey at the start of the 20th century.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") However, as a consequence of bootleggers during the [prohibition in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) (who sold poor-quality whiskey bearing Irish-sounding names thus eroding the pre-prohibition popularity for Irish brands)[\[220\]](../../page/7/#ref-220 "note 220") and tariffs on Irish whiskey across the British Empire during the [Anglo-Irish Trade War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Trade_War) of the 1930s,[\[221\]](../../page/7/#ref-221 "note 221") sales of [Irish whiskey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_whiskey) worldwide fell to a mere 2% by the mid-20th century.[\[222\]](../../page/7/#ref-222 "note 222")[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1953, an Irish government survey found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of Irish whiskey.[\[223\]](../../page/7/#ref-223 "note 223")[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") Irish whiskey, as researched in 2009 by the [CNBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC) [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_whiskey) broadcaster, remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades.[\[224\]](../../page/7/#ref-224 "note 224")[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") Typically CNBC states Irish whiskey is not as smoky as a Scotch whisky, but not as sweet as American or [Canadian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_whiskey) whiskies.[\[224\]](../../page/7/#ref-224 "note 224")[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") Whiskey forms the basis of [cream liqueurs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Cream), such as [Baileys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baileys_Irish_Cream), and the [Irish coffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_coffee) (a [cocktail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail) of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at [Foynes flying-boat station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foynes)) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail.[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") [Stout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_%28beer%29), a kind of [porter beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_beer), particularly [Guinness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness), is typically associated with Ireland, although historically it was more closely associated with London.[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to [lager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager).[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") [Cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider), particularly [Magners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magners) (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as Bulmers), is also a popular drink.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") [Red lemonade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_lemonade), a soft-drink, is consumed on its own and as a mixer, particularly with whiskey.[\[225\]](../../page/7/#ref-225 "note 225")[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy Main article: [Economy of the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland), [Economy of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland) See also: [International Financial Services Centre, Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin) The GDP of the Republic of Ireland as of 2021 was €423.5 billion (nominal),[\[226\]](../../page/7/#ref-226 "note 226") and in Northern Ireland in 2021, it was £52 billion (GVA Balanced).[\[227\]](../../page/7/#ref-227 "note 227")[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") The GDP per capita in the Republic of Ireland was €84,049.9 (nominal) as of 2021,[\[226\]](../../page/7/#ref-226 "note 226") and in Northern Ireland 2021 was £27,154 (GVA Balanced).[\[227\]](../../page/7/#ref-227 "note 227")[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom measure these numbers differently.[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and [pound sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling)), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-Ireland basis.[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions' former shared membership of the European Union, and there have been calls from members of the business community and policymakers for the creation of an "all-Ireland economy" to take advantage of [economies of scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale) and boost competitiveness.[\[228\]](../../page/7/#ref-228 "note 228")[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Regional economics Below is a comparison of the regional GDP on the island of Ireland.[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Republic of Ireland: [Northern and Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Western_Region) | Republic of Ireland: [Eastern and Midland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_and_Midland_Region) | Republic of Ireland: [Southern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Region,_Ireland) | United Kingdom: Northern Ireland | | GDP (as of 2018): €22 bn[\[229\]](../../page/7/#ref-229 "note 229") | GDP (as of 2018): €175 bn[\[229\]](../../page/7/#ref-229 "note 229") | GDP (as of 2018): €127 bn[\[229\]](../../page/7/#ref-229 "note 229") | GDP (as of 2023): £63 bn[\[230\]](../../page/7/#ref-230 "note 230") | | €24,926 per person[\[231\]](../../page/7/#ref-231 "note 231") | €74,824 per person[\[231\]](../../page/7/#ref-231 "note 231") | €77,794 per person[\[231\]](../../page/7/#ref-231 "note 231") | £32,944 per person[\[230\]](../../page/7/#ref-230 "note 230") | ### Northern Ireland trade comparison Below is a comparison of the goods being sold and purchased between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom, compared with the goods being exported and imported between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland:[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") Northern Ireland Sales/Exports[\[232\]](../../page/7/#ref-232 "note 232"){{Cite web\|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf\|access-date=25 July 2023\|title=Overview of Northern Ireland Trade[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") - archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725144232/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf}}; United Kingdom; Republic of Ireland[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") - 2020; £11.3 billion; £4.2 billion[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") - 2021; £12.8 billion; £5.2 billion[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") Northern Ireland Purchases/Imports[\[232\]](../../page/7/#ref-232 "note 232")[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") | | United Kingdom | Republic of Ireland | | --- | --- | --- | | 2020 | £13.4 billion | £2.5 billion | | 2021 | £14.4 billion | £3.1 billion | ### Cost of living comparison Below is a comparison of the monthly cost of living and average wage after tax in Northern Ireland versus those in the Republic of Ireland in 2023:[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") Monthly Cost of Living Comparison[\[233\]](../../page/7/#ref-233 "note 233")[\[234\]](../../page/7/#ref-234 "note 234")[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") | | Northern Ireland | Republic of Ireland | | --- | --- | --- | | Cost of living (1 person) | $1459 | $2198 | | Average wage after tax | $2393 | $3010 | ### Economic history Main article: [Economic history of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland) Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony – first, partially, of the Norse, via their cities (9th to 10th centuries CE), and later, to varying extents, of polities related to England.[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") Though the climate and soil favoured certain forms of agriculture,[\[235\]](../../page/7/#ref-235 "note 235") [trade barriers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_barrier) frequently hobbled its development.[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") Repeated invasions and plantations disrupted [land-ownership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_tenure), and [multiple failed uprisings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_%28disambiguation%29) also contributed to repeated phases of [deportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation) and of [emigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_emigrant).[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") Salient events in the economic history of Ireland include:[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") - 16th and 17th centuries: confiscation and redistribution of land in the [Plantations of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland)[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1845–1849: [The Great Famine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29) occasioned depopulation and mass emigration[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") - 1846: Westminster's repeal of the [Corn Laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws) disrupted Irish agriculture[\[236\]](../../page/7/#ref-236 "note 236")[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Major industries #### Tourism Main article: [Tourist destinations in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_destinations_in_Ireland) There are two [World Heritage Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) on the island: the [Brú na Bóinne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brú_na_Bóinne) complex and the [Giant's Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway).[\[237\]](../../page/7/#ref-237 "note 237")[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields[\[238\]](../../page/7/#ref-238 "note 238") and [Mount Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Stewart).[\[239\]](../../page/7/#ref-239 "note 239")[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include [Bunratty Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunratty_Castle), the [Rock of Cashel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel), the [Cliffs of Moher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffs_of_Moher), [Holy Cross Abbey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey) and [Blarney Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarney_Castle).[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240")[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") Historically important monastic sites include [Glendalough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendalough) and [Clonmacnoise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise), which are maintained as [national monuments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monument_%28Ireland%29) in the Republic of Ireland.[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") The Dublin region receives the most tourists[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240") and is home to several of the most popular attractions such as the [Guinness Storehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Storehouse) and Book of Kells.[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240")[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") The west and south west, which includes the [Lakes of Killarney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Killarney) and the [Dingle peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingle_peninsula) in County Kerry and [Connemara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connemara) and the [Aran Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Islands) in County Galway, are also popular tourist destinations.[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240")[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") [Stately homes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stately_home), built during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in [Palladian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian), [Neoclassical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture) and [neo-Gothic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Gothic) styles, such as [Castle Ward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Ward), [Castletown House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletown_House), [Bantry House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantry_House), [Strokestown Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokestown_Park) and [Glenveagh Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenveagh_Castle) are also of interest to tourists.[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") Some have been converted into hotels, such as [Ashford Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_Castle),[\[242\]](../../page/7/#ref-242 "note 242") [Castle Leslie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Leslie)[\[243\]](../../page/7/#ref-243 "note 243") and [Dromoland Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromoland_Castle).[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Energy Main article: [Energy in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Ireland) Although for most of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate, the island has operated for some time as a single market for electricity.[\[245\]](../../page/7/#ref-245 "note 245")[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") Both networks were designed and constructed independently post-partition but they are now connected with three interlinks[\[246\]](../../page/7/#ref-246 "note 246") and are also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe.[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying [Northern Ireland Electricity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Electricity) with enough power.[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") In the Republic of Ireland, the [ESB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESB_Group) has failed to modernise its power stations, and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe.[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") [EirGrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EirGrid) has started building a [HVDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current) transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW,[\[247\]](../../page/7/#ref-247 "note 247") about 10% of Ireland's peak demand.[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking [Gormanston, County Meath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gormanston,_County_Meath), and [Ballyclare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyclare), County Antrim.[\[248\]](../../page/7/#ref-248 "note 248")[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of Ireland's gas comes through interconnectors between [Twynholm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twynholm) in Scotland and [Ballylumford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballylumford_power_station), County Antrim and [Loughshinny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughshinny), County Dublin.[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") Supplies come from the Corrib Gas Field, off the coast of County Mayo, with a supply previously also coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County Cork coast.[\[249\]](../../page/7/#ref-249 "note 249")[\[250\]](../../page/7/#ref-250 "note 250")[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") The County Mayo field faces some localised opposition over [a controversial decision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrib_gas_controversy) to refine the gas onshore.[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") Ireland has an ancient industry based on [peat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat) (known locally as "turf") as a source of energy for home fires.[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") A form of [biomass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) energy, this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas.[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") However, because of the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity, the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland for digging up peat.[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") In cities, heat is generally supplied by natural gas or [heating oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil), although some urban suppliers distribute sods of turf as "smokeless fuel" for domestic use.[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") The Republic has a strong commitment to renewable energy and ranks as one of the top 10 markets for [clean-technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology) investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index.[\[251\]](../../page/7/#ref-251 "note 251")[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") Research and development in [renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy) (such as [wind power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power)) has increased since 2004.[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") Large [wind farms have been constructed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland) in Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim.[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities, some of whom regard the [wind turbines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine) as unsightly.[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") The Republic is hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms.[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") The ESB's [Turlough Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlough_Hill) facility is the only power-storage facility in the state.[\[252\]](../../page/7/#ref-252 "note 252")[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Bibliography - Arnold, Bruce (1977). "[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") [Irish Art: A Concise History](https://archive.org/details/irishartconciseh00arno/page/180)".[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") [Thames & Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_&_Hudson).[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") - Beckett, J.C.[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") The making of Modern Ireland 1603-1923 (1971).[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") - Becker, Annette; Wang, Wilfried (1997). "[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") 20th-century Architecture: Ireland".[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") [Prestel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestel_Publishing).[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") - Bew, Paul.[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 (2007).[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") - Collins, Neil; Cradden, Terry (2001). "[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") [Irish Politics Today](https://books.google.com/books?id=081Qopn2zbUC)".[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") [Manchester University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press).[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") - Daly, Mary E. (2016). "[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") Sixties Ireland".[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dennison, Gabriel; Ni Fhloinn, Baibre (1994). "[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditional Architecture in Ireland".[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") [Environmental Institute, University College Dublin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dublin).[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dooney, Sean; O'Toole, John (1992). "[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") [Irish Government Today](https://archive.org/details/irishgovernmentt00doon/page/247)".[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") Gill and Macmillan.[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ellis, Steven G. (1983). "[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland](https://books.google.com/books?id=YPgEAAAACAAJ)".[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") The Irish Publishing Co.[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ferriter, Diarmaid. "[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") Women and political change in Ireland since 1960."[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") Éire-Ireland 43.1 (2008): 179–204.[661](../../661/ "tree and pragmatics") - Foster, Robert Fitzroy (1988). "[662](../../662/ "tree and pragmatics") [Modern Ireland, 1600–1972](https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost)".[663](../../663/ "tree and pragmatics") [Penguin Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books).[664](../../664/ "tree and pragmatics") - Foster, R. F.[665](../../665/ "tree and pragmatics") Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970-2000 (2007) [excerpt](https://www.amazon.com/Luck-Irish-Brief-History-Change/dp/0195179528)[666](../../666/ "tree and pragmatics") - Herm, Gerhard (2002). "[667](../../667/ "tree and pragmatics") The Celts".[668](../../668/ "tree and pragmatics") [St. Martin's Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press).[669](../../669/ "tree and pragmatics") - O'Croinin, Daibhi (2005). "[670](../../670/ "tree and pragmatics") [Prehistoric and Early Ireland](https://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC)".[671](../../671/ "tree and pragmatics") [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press).[672](../../672/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ó Gráda, Cormac (1997). "[673](../../673/ "tree and pragmatics") [A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s](https://books.google.com/books?id=zVHgO4-nkhkC)".[674](../../674/ "tree and pragmatics") Manchester University Press.[675](../../675/ "tree and pragmatics") - Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). "[676](../../676/ "tree and pragmatics") [Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900/page/534)".[677](../../677/ "tree and pragmatics") [Carroll & Graf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_&_Graf).[678](../../678/ "tree and pragmatics") - O'Rahilly, T. F.[679](../../679/ "tree and pragmatics") (1947). "[680](../../680/ "tree and pragmatics") Early Irish History and Mythology".[681](../../681/ "tree and pragmatics") [Medieval Academy of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Academy_of_America).[682](../../682/ "tree and pragmatics") - Woodcock, N.[683](../../683/ "tree and pragmatics") H.; Strachan, Robin A. (2000). "[684](../../684/ "tree and pragmatics") [Geological History of Britain and Ireland](https://books.google.com/books?id=dTkKn8Ufzd4C)".[685](../../685/ "tree and pragmatics") [Blackwell Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell).[686](../../686/ "tree and pragmatics") - Wallis, Geoff; Wilson, Sue (2001). "[687](../../687/ "tree and pragmatics") The Rough Guide to Irish Music".[688](../../688/ "tree and pragmatics") [Rough Guides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Guides).[689](../../689/ "tree and pragmatics") ## External links [Government of Ireland](http://www.gov.ie/) [Northern Ireland Executive](http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Ireland/page/6/) **7** ## References {#references} 1\. Royle, Stephen A. (December 2012). "Beyond the boundaries in the island of Ireland". *Journal of Marine and Island Cultures*. 2\. "[Population at Each Census by Sex and County, 1841 to 2022](https://data.cso.ie/table/FY001)". 3\. "[Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan](https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/volume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf)". *Planningni.gov*. 4\. "[Population Usually Resident and Present in the State](https://data.cso.ie/table/FY023)". [Central Statistics Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_%28Ireland%29). 30 May 2023. 5\. "[Census 2021 Main statistics for Northern Ireland, Statistical bulletin, Ethnic group](https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf)". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. September 2022. 6\. /ˈaɪərlənd/, *IRE-lənd*; *[Éire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éire)* ˈeːɾʲə; [Ulster-Scots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect): Airlann ˈɑːrlən 7\. "[Islands by Area](http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm)". *[UN System-Wide Earthwatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_System-Wide_Earthwatch)*. [United Nations Environment Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme). 18 February 1998. 8\. The 2022 population of the Republic of Ireland was 5,123,536 and that of Northern Ireland in 2021 was 1,903,100. These are Census data from the official governmental statistics agencies in the respective jurisdictions:; Central Statistics Office, Ireland (23 June 2022). "[Census of Population 2022 – Preliminary Results](https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2022-preliminaryresults/introduction/)". Central Statistics Office, Ireland.; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2022). "[2021 Census](https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census)". Department of Finance. 9\. "[Forest Statistics – Ireland 2017](https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf)". [Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_the_Marine). 10\. ["Native trees cover just 2% of Ireland. How can this be increased?"](https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824) . *[The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times)*, 6 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019. 11\. ["Ireland's native woodlands are quietly disappearing"](https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317) . *[The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times)*, 19 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019. 12\. "[Climate of Ireland](https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/climate-of-ireland.asp)". [Met Éireann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Éireann) The Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage. 16 April 2018. 13\. "[Brexit Questions and Answers \| Northern Ireland Assembly](http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/assembly-business/brexit-and-beyond/brexit-questions-and-answers/)". *www.niassembly.gov.uk*. 14\. Stüber, Karin (1998). "The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic (Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics; III)". Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, Maynooth. 15\. Zair, Nicholas (2012). "The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic". [Brill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers). 16\. "[Prehistoric Details](https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Irish-Antiquities-Division-Collections/Collections-List-%281%29/Stone-Age/Prehistoric-Details)". *National Museum of Ireland*. 17\. Andrew Cooper & D. Jackson (2006). "Sea-level change and inner shelf stratigraphy off Northern Ireland". *Marine Geology*. 18\. Edwards, Robin & al. "[The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?](http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/40560/Edwards&Brooks_INJ08_TARA.pdf?sequence=1) " Accessed 15 February 2013. 19\. Lane, Megan. "[The moment Britain became an island](https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12244964)". BBC News. 20\. "[Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35863186)". [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). 21 March 2016. 21\. Roseingrave, Louise (18 April 2021). "[Reindeer bone found in north Cork to alter understanding of Irish human history](https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40269116.html)". *Irish Examiner*. 22\. Driscoll, Killian. "[The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland](http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_1.html)". *LithicsIreland.ie*. Lithics Ireland Consultancy. 23\. Cooney, Gabriel (2000). "Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland". Routledge. 24\. "[Prehistoric Genocide in Ireland?](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/genetic-ancestry/guff_documents/Genocide_in_Ireland.pdf)". *Ireland's DNA*. 25\. Heritage Ireland. "[Céide Fields](http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/west/ceidefields/)". Office of Public Works. 26\. Reich, David (2018). "Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past". [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press). 27\. "[O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix](http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf)". 28\. Koch, John (2009). "[Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History](http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf)". *Palaeohispanica*. 29\. "[Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature](http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html)". Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. 2010. 30\. Cunliffe, Barry (2008). "A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64". The Prehistoric Society. 31\. Burton, Holly (1979). "[The Arrival of the Celts in Ireland](https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-arrival-of-the-celts-in-ireland/)". Penn Museum. 32\. *The Celts: A History*, by Dáithí Ó hÓgáin 33\. Early Peoples of Britain and Ireland: A-G Christopher Allen Snyder 34\. "A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922" By Edmund Curtis 35\. Waddell, John (April 1995). "[Ireland in the Bronze Age](http://www.nuigalway.ie/archaeology/oldsite/documents/jw_celts.pdf)". Irish Government Stationery Office. 36\. Waddell, John (September 1992). "[The Question of the Celticization of Ireland](http://www.nuigalway.ie/archaeology/oldsite/documents/jw_celticization_of_ire.pdf)". Emania. 37\. McEvoy, B.; Richards, M.; Forster, P.; Bradley, D.G. (October 2004). "The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe". *[American Journal of Human Genetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics)*. 38\. Hay, Maciamo. "[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)](http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml)". *Eupedia*. 39\. Freeman, Philip (2001). "[Ireland and the classical world](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA65)". [University of Texas Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press). 40\. Freeman, Philip (2001). "Ireland and the Classical World". University of Texas Press. 41\. O'Hart, John (1892). "[Irish Pedigrees: or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation](https://archive.org/details/irishpedigreesor02ohar)". J. Duffy and Co.. 42\. Bury, J.B. (1922). "Tacitus, Agricola, C. 24". *Journal of Roman Studies*. 43\. Darcy, R.; Flynn, William (March 2008). "Ptolemy's Map of Ireland: a Modern Decoding". *Irish Geography*. 44\. Carson, R. A. G.; O'Kelly, Claire (1977). "A Catalogue of the Roman Coins from Newgrange, Co. Meath and Notes on the Coins and Related Finds". *Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature*. 45\. [Dáibhí Ó Cróinín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dáibhí_Ó_Cróinín), "Ireland, 400–800", in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), *A New History of Ireland 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland*, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 182–234. 46\. Jaski, Bart (2005). "Kings and kingship". *Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia*. [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge). 47\. Ginnell, Laurence (1894). "[The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook](https://archive.org/details/brehonlawsalega00ginngoog)". [T. Fisher Unwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin). 48\. De Paor, Liam (1993). "Saint Patrick's World: The Christian culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age". [Four Courts Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Courts_Press). 49\. Cahill, Tim (1996). "How the Irish Saved Civilization". Anchor Books. 50\. "[Eerdman's Handbook to the History of Christianity](https://archive.org/details/eerdmanshandbook00work)". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1977. 51\. Stokes, Margaret (1888). "[Early Christian Art in Ireland](https://books.google.com/books?id=25gTAAAAQAAJ)". Chapman and Hall. 52\. Bartlett, Thomas (2010). "Ireland: A History". [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press). 53\. "[John Scottus Eriugena](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottus-eriugena/)". *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Stanford University. 54\. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. "[Vikings & Ireland](http://www.ucc.ie/celt/General%20Vikings%20in%20Ireland.pdf)". 55\. "[Ireland's History in Maps (800 AD)](http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire800.htm)". *Rootsweb.ancestry.com*. Ancestry Publishing. 6 December 1998. 56\. Chrisafis, Angelique (25 January 2005). "[Scion of traitors and warlords: Why Bush is coy about his Irish links](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis)". *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*. 57\. Previté-Orton, Charles (1975). "[The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History](https://archive.org/details/shortercambridge0000prev/page/810)". Cambridge University Press. 58\. Curtis, Edmund (2002). "A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922". Routledge. 59\. Edwards, Ruth (2005). "An Atlas of Irish History". Routledge. 60\. Ó Clabaigh, Colmán N. (2005). "Papacy". *Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia*. Routledge. 61\. Hosler, John D. (2007). "Henry II: A Medieval Soldier at War, 1147–1189". Brill Academic Publishers. 62\. Bolton, Brenda (2003). "Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts". Ashgate Publishing. 63\. "[The Great Irish Famine: Laws that Isolated and Impoverished the Irish](http://www.jrbooksonline.com/PDF_Books/irish.pdf)". *Irish Famine Curriculum Committee*. New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education. 1998. 64\. Pack, Mark (2001). "[Charles James Fox, the Repeal of Poynings Law, and the Act of Union: 1782–1801](http://www.markpack.org.uk/1288/charles-james-fox-the-repeal-of-poynings-law-and-the-act-of-union/)". *Journal of Liberal History*. 65\. Foster, Robert Fitzroy (1989). "[Modern Ireland](https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost)". Penguin Books. 66\. O'Callaghan, Sean (2000). "To Hell or Barbados". Brandon. 67\. Numbers vary, from a low of 12,000.\[65\] [Giovanni Battista Rinuccini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Rinuccini) wrote 50,000,\[66\] T. N. Burke said 80,000 to 100,000.\[66\] 68\. "[A Short History of Ireland: The Curse of Cromwell](http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml)". BBC News. 69\. "[Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery](http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html)". University of Minnesota Law School. 70\. Dickson, David (1997). "Arctic Ireland: The Extraordinary Story of the Great Frost and Forgotten Famine of 1740–41". White Row Press. 71\. Ó Gráda, Cormac (1989). "The Great Irish Famine". Cambridge University Press. 72\. Clarkson, Leslie; Crawford, Margaret (2001). "Feast and Famine: Food and Nutrition in Ireland, 1500–1920". Oxford University Press. 73\. Ward, Alan J. (1994). "The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782–1992". Catholic University of America Press. 74\. "[Ireland AD 1750–1900 The Industrial Age](http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900)". *WorldTimelines.org.uk*. The British Museum. 75\. Ó Gráda, Cormac (1994). "[Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780–1939](https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314)". Oxford University Press. 76\. Keating, Paul; Desmond, Derry (1993). "Culture and Capitalism in Contemporary Ireland". Avebury Press. 77\. Jacobsen, John (1994). "Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic". Cambridge University Press. 78\. Mokyr, Joel (1983). "Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800–1850". Taylor and Francis. 79\. "[The Irish Potato Famine](http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm)". *Digital History*. University of Houston. 7 November 2008. 80\. "[Effects of the Famine: Emigration](https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html)". *wesleyjohnston.com*. 81\. Vallely, Paul (25 April 2006). "[1841: A window on Victorian Britain – This Britain](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html)". *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent)*. 82\. Quinn, Eamon (19 August 2007). "[Ireland Learns to Adapt to a Population Growth Spurt](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 83\. Kee, Robert (1972). "The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism". Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 84\. Kee, Robert (1972). "The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism". Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 85\. Morough, Michael (December 2000). "[The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921)". *History Review*. 86\. Kee, Robert (1972). "The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism". Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 87\. Gwynn, Stephen (January 1934). "Ireland Since the Treaty". *Foreign Affairs*. 88\. Connolly, Kevin (1 June 2004). "[Irish who fought on the beaches](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3749629.stm)". BBC News. 89\. Hull, Mark M. (2002). "The Irish Interlude: German Intelligence in Ireland, 1939-1943". *The Journal of Military History*. 90\. Carroll, Joseph T. (2002). "Ireland in the War Years 1939–1945". International Scholars Publishers. 91\. Clancy, Patrick; Drudy, Sheelagh; Lynch, Kathleen; O'Dowd, Liam (1997). "[Irish Society: Sociological Perspectives](https://archive.org/details/irishsociety00patr/page/68)". Institute of Public Administration. 92\. Schmied, Doris (2005). "Winning and Losing: the Changing Geography of Europe's Rural Areas". Ashgate. 93\. "[The Future of International Migration to OECD Countries](https://books.google.com/books?id=t-MXbmt8J5YC&q=%22The+Future+of+International+Migration+to+OECD+Countries%22)". [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development) (OECD). 2009. 94\. R. F. Foster, *Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970–2000* (2007), pp 7–36 95\. Foster, *Luck and the Irish* pp 37–66. 96\. Pogatchnik, Shawn (25 March 2010). "[Ireland's Economy Suffered Record Slump in 2009](http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9ELOCOG1.htm)". *[Bloomberg BusinessWeek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek)*. 97\. "[Measuring Ireland's Progress 2011](http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/otherreleases/2011/measuringirelandsprogress2011.pdf)". *CSO.ie*. [Central Statistics Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_%28Ireland%29). October 2012. 98\. Whyte, John (1983). "[Contemporary Irish Studies](http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm)". [Manchester University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press). 99\. Northern Ireland Office (1988). "[Fair Employment in Northern Ireland](http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cmd380.htm)". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 100\. "['We Shall Overcome' ... The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968–1978](http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm)". Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. 1978. 101\. Taylor, Peter (1997). "Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin". Bloomsbury Publishing. 102\. Taylor, Peter (1997). "Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin". Bloomsbury Publishing. 103\. "[Turning the pages on lost lives](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/467904.stm)". BBC News. 8 October 1999. 104\. Nieminen, Tauno; de Chastelain, John; Andrew D. Sens. "[Independent International Commission on Decommissioning](http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicd190106.pdf)". 105\. "[Queen and Martin McGuinness shake hands](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-18607911)". BBC News. 27 June 2012. 106\. "[Country Comparison: GDP – per capita (PPP)](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryName=Ireland&countryCode=ei®ionCode=eur&rank=27#ei)". *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency. 107\. "[Human Development Report 2015: Table A1.1](https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/hdi2015.pdf)". *Human Development Index and its components*. [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (UNDP). 2015. 108\. "[2024 Global Peace Index](https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf)". 109\. Ritchie, Heather; Ellis, Geraint (2009). "[Across the waters](http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/atw_north_channel.pdf)". 110\. (no text) 111\. "[Area and Land Mass](http://www.osi.ie/Education/Secondary-Schools/Teacher-Resources/Area-and-Land-Mass.aspx)". *Ordnance Survey of Ireland*. 112\. "[Ireland Facts, Ireland Flag](https://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/ireland-facts/)". *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic)*. 113\. "[A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)](https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about)". *Open Geography Portal*. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. 114\. "[Guardian Style Guide](https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/b)". *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian)*. 115\. "[FAQ: What is the longest river in Ireland?](http://www.osi.ie/education/schools-and-third-level/secondary-schools/secondary-schools-teacher-resources/)". [Ordnance Survey Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland). 116\. Meally, Victor (1968). "Encyclopaedia of Ireland". Allen Figgis & Co.. 117\. "[Landscape of the River](http://www.iwai.ie/maps/shannon/guide/17.php3)". Inland Waterways Association of Ireland. 2014. 118\. "[Geology of Ireland](http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Geology+of+Ireland.htm)". *Geology for Everyone*. Geological Survey of Ireland. 119\. "[Bedrock Geology of Ireland](http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0302F251-C4ED-4938-BCF0-CF228A3E8F6A/0/GSI_GeolIreland_A4.pdf)". *Geology for Everyone*. Geological Survey of Ireland. 120\. "[Geology of Kerry-Cork – Sheet 21](http://www.gsi.ie/Publications+and+Data/Maps/Geology+of+Kerry-Cork+-+Sheet+21.htm)". *Maps*. Geological Survey of Ireland. 2007. 121\. Karst Working Group (2000). "[The Burren](http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/the_burren/burren_karst.htm)". *The Karst of Ireland: Limestone Landscapes, Caves and Groundwater Drainage System*. Geological Survey of Ireland. 122\. 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