--- title: Italy — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Italy», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Italy # Italy · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Italy»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/6/) **7** Ballet originated in Italy during the Renaissance, as an outgrowth of court pageantry.[\[366\]](../../page/7/#ref-366 "note 366")[\[367\]](../../page/7/#ref-367 "note 367")[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music of Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Italy) From [folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_folk_music) to [classical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music), music is an intrinsic part of Italian culture.[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy,[\[368\]](../../page/7/#ref-368 "note 368") and many prevailing forms, such as the [symphony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony), concerto, and [sonata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata), trace their roots back to innovations in 16th- and 17th-century Italian music.[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance [Palestrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina), [Monteverdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteverdi), and [Gesualdo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo); the [Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music) [Scarlatti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti), and [Vivaldi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivaldi); the classical [Paganini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganini), and [Rossini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossini); and the Romantic [Verdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdi) and [Puccini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccini).[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") Classical music has a strong hold in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its opera houses, such as La Scala, and performers such as the pianist [Maurizio Pollini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini) and tenor [Luciano Pavarotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti).[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy is known as the birthplace of opera.[\[369\]](../../page/7/#ref-369 "note 369")[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") [Italian opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_opera) is believed to have been founded in the 17th century.[\[369\]](../../page/7/#ref-369 "note 369")[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") Introduced in the early 1920s, [jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz) gained a strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite xenophobic policies of the fascists.[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy was represented in the [progressive rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock) and pop movements of the 1970s, with bands such as [PFM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi), [Banco del Mutuo Soccorso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_del_Mutuo_Soccorso), [Le Orme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Orme), [Goblin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_%28band%29), and [Pooh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh_%28band%29).[\[370\]](../../page/7/#ref-370 "note 370")[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") The same period saw diversification in the [cinema of Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy), and [Cinecittà](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinecittà) films included complex scores by composers including [Ennio Morricone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_Morricone).[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1980s, the first star to emerge from [Italian hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_hip_hop) was singer [Jovanotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanotti).[\[371\]](../../page/7/#ref-371 "note 371")[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian metal bands include [Rhapsody of Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_of_Fire), [Lacuna Coil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_Coil), [Elvenking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvenking_%28band%29), [Forgotten Tomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Tomb), and [Fleshgod Apocalypse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshgod_Apocalypse).[\[372\]](../../page/7/#ref-372 "note 372")[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy contributed to the development of [disco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco) and [electronic music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music), with [Italo disco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_disco), known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines, one of the earliest electronic dance genres.[\[373\]](../../page/7/#ref-373 "note 373")[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") Producers such as [Giorgio Moroder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder), who won three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, were influential in the development of electronic dance music.[\[374\]](../../page/7/#ref-374 "note 374")[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian pop is represented annually with the [Sanremo Music Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival), which served as inspiration for the [Eurovision Song Contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest).[\[375\]](../../page/7/#ref-375 "note 375")[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") [Gigliola Cinquetti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigliola_Cinquetti), [Toto Cutugno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_Cutugno), and [Måneskin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Måneskin) won Eurovision, in [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964), [1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1990), and [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021) respectively.[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") Singers such as [Domenico Modugno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Modugno), [Mina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_%28Italian_singer%29), [Andrea Bocelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli), [Raffaella Carrà](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaella_Carrà), [Il Volo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Volo), [Al Bano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bano), Toto Cutugno, [Nek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nek), [Umberto Tozzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Tozzi), [Giorgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgia_%28singer%29), Grammy winner [Laura Pausini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Pausini), [Eros Ramazzotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti), [Tiziano Ferro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiziano_Ferro), Måneskin, and others have received international acclaim.[\[376\]](../../page/7/#ref-376 "note 376")[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Fashion and design Main article: [Italian fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_fashion), [Italian design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_design) Italian fashion has a long tradition.[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings (2013), by [Global Language Monitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor), ranked Rome sixth and Milan twelfth.[\[377\]](../../page/7/#ref-377 "note 377")[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") Major Italian fashion labels – such as [Gucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci), [Armani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani), [Prada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prada), [Versace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versace), [Valentino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_SpA), [Dolce & Gabbana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolce_&_Gabbana) – are among the finest fashion houses in the world.[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") Jewellers such as [Bulgari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari), [Damiani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiani_%28jewelry_company%29), and [Buccellati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccellati) were founded in Italy.[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") The fashion magazine [Vogue Italia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Italia) is one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.[\[378\]](../../page/7/#ref-378 "note 378")[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy is prominent in the field of design, notably interior, architectural, industrial, and urban designs.[\[379\]](../../page/7/#ref-379 "note 379")[\[380\]](../../page/7/#ref-380 "note 380")[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural and industrial design.[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") The city of Milan hosts [Fiera Milano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiera_Milano), Europe's largest design fair.[\[381\]](../../page/7/#ref-381 "note 381")[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") Milan hosts major design- and architecture-related events and venues, such as the Fuori Salone and the [Milan Furniture Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair), and has been home to the designers [Bruno Munari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Munari), [Lucio Fontana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Fontana), [Enrico Castellani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Castellani), and [Piero Manzoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Manzoni).[\[382\]](../../page/7/#ref-382 "note 382")[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cinema Main article: [Cinema of Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy) Italian cinema began just after the [Lumière brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumière_brothers) introduced motion picture exhibitions.[\[383\]](../../page/7/#ref-383 "note 383")[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") The first Italian director is [Vittorio Calcina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Calcina), who filmed [Pope Leo XIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII) in 1896.[\[384\]](../../page/7/#ref-384 "note 384")[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") [Cabiria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabiria), from 1914, is the most famous Italian [silent film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film).[\[385\]](../../page/7/#ref-385 "note 385")[\[386\]](../../page/7/#ref-386 "note 386")[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") The oldest European [avant-garde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde) cinema movement, [Italian futurism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Futurism_%28cinema%29), took place in the late 1910s.[\[387\]](../../page/7/#ref-387 "note 387")[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") After decline in the 1920s, the industry was revitalised in the 1930s with the arrival of [sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_film).[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") A popular Italian genre, the [Telefoni Bianchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi), consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.[\[388\]](../../page/7/#ref-388 "note 388")[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") [Calligrafismo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafismo) was a sharp contrast to the Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity, and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.[\[389\]](../../page/7/#ref-389 "note 389")[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") Cinema was used by Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned [Cinecittà studio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinecittà), for the production of [Fascist propaganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_propaganda).[\[390\]](../../page/7/#ref-390 "note 390")[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") After World War II, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline occurred in the 1980s.[\[391\]](../../page/7/#ref-391 "note 391")[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") [Italian film directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_film_directors) include [Federico Fellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini), [Sergio Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone), [Pier Paolo Pasolini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini), [Duccio Tessari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccio_Tessari), [Luchino Visconti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchino_Visconti), [Vittorio De Sica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica), [Michelangelo Antonioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni), and [Roberto Rossellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini), recognised among the greatest of all time.[\[392\]](../../page/7/#ref-392 "note 392")[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of [Italian neorealism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealism), reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.[\[393\]](../../page/7/#ref-393 "note 393")[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and the [commedia all'italiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana) genre and other [film genres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_genre), such as [sword-and-sandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword-and-sandal) and [spaghetti Westerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti_Western), were popular in the 1960s and 70s.[\[394\]](../../page/7/#ref-394 "note 394")[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") Actresses such as [Sophia Loren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Loren) achieved international stardom.[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") Erotic Italian thrillers, or [gialli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gialli), produced by directors such as [Dario Argento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Argento) in the 1970s, influenced horror.[\[395\]](../../page/7/#ref-395 "note 395")[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") Recently, the Italian scene has received only occasional attention, with movies such as [Life Is Beautiful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Beautiful), [Cinema Paradiso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Paradiso), and [Il Postino: The Postman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Postino:_The_Postman).[\[396\]](../../page/7/#ref-396 "note 396")[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") Cinecittà studio is the largest film and television production facility in Europe,[\[397\]](../../page/7/#ref-397 "note 397") where many international box office hits were filmed.[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1950s, the number of international productions made there led to Rome's being dubbed "[Hollywood on the Tiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber)".[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an [Academy Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award) nomination, with 47 wins.[\[398\]](../../page/7/#ref-398 "note 398")[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy is the most awarded country at the Academy Awards for [Best Foreign Language Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film), with 14 wins, 3 [Special Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award), and 31 [nominations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film).[\[399\]](../../page/7/#ref-399 "note 399") as of 2016, Italian films have won 12 Palmes d'Or,[\[400\]](../../page/7/#ref-400 "note 400") 11 [Golden Lions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion),[\[401\]](../../page/7/#ref-401 "note 401") and 7 [Golden Bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear).[\[402\]](../../page/7/#ref-402 "note 402")[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Italian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine), [Italian meal structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_meal_structure), [List of Italian foods and drinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_foods_and_drinks) [Italian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine) is heavily influenced by [Etruscan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization), [ancient Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine), [ancient Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine), [Byzantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine), [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_cuisine), and [Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine) cuisines.[\[403\]](../../page/7/#ref-403 "note 403")[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the [New World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World), with items such as potatoes, tomatoes, and maize becoming main ingredients from the 18th century.[\[404\]](../../page/7/#ref-404 "note 404")[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Mediterranean diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diet) forms the basis of Italian cuisine, which is rich in [pasta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta), fish, fruits, and vegetables and characterised by its simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients.[\[405\]](../../page/7/#ref-405 "note 405")[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity,[\[406\]](../../page/7/#ref-406 "note 406") abundance of difference in taste, and as one of the most popular in the world,[\[407\]](../../page/7/#ref-407 "note 407") wielding strong influence abroad.[\[408\]](../../page/7/#ref-408 "note 408")[\[409\]](../../page/7/#ref-409 "note 409")[\[410\]](../../page/7/#ref-410 "note 410")[661](../../661/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian cuisine relies heavily on traditional products; the country has a large number of traditional specialties protected under [EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union).[\[411\]](../../page/7/#ref-411 "note 411")[662](../../662/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy is home to 395 [Michelin star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star)-rated restaurants.[\[412\]](../../page/7/#ref-412 "note 412")[663](../../663/ "tree and pragmatics") [Cheese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_cheeses), [cold cuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salumi), and [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine) are central to Italian cuisine, with regional declinations and [protected designation of origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin) or [protected geographical indication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_geographical_indication) labels, along with [pizza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza) and coffee forming part of gastronomic culture.[\[413\]](../../page/7/#ref-413 "note 413")[664](../../664/ "tree and pragmatics") Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours, such as citrus fruits, pistachio, and almonds, with sweet cheeses such as [mascarpone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarpone) and [ricotta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricotta) or exotic tastes such as cocoa, vanilla, and cinnamon.[665](../../665/ "tree and pragmatics") [Gelato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelato),[\[414\]](../../page/7/#ref-414 "note 414") [tiramisu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiramisu),[\[415\]](../../page/7/#ref-415 "note 415") and [cassata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassata) are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts.[666](../../666/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Italian meal structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_meal_structure) is typical of the Mediterranean region and differs from North, Central, and East European meal structures, although it still often consists of breakfast ([colazione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Breakfast_%28colazione%29)), lunch ([pranzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Lunch_%28pranzo%29)), and dinner ([cena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Supper_%28cena%29)).[\[416\]](../../page/7/#ref-416 "note 416")[667](../../667/ "tree and pragmatics") However, much less emphasis is placed on breakfast, which is often skipped or involves lighter portions than are seen in non-Mediterranean Western countries.[\[417\]](../../page/7/#ref-417 "note 417")[668](../../668/ "tree and pragmatics") Late-morning and mid-afternoon snacks, called [merenda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_meal_structure#Mid-afternoon_snack_%28merenda%29) (: merende), are often included.[\[418\]](../../page/7/#ref-418 "note 418")[669](../../669/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sport Main article: [Sport in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Italy) The most popular sport is [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Italy).[\[419\]](../../page/7/#ref-419 "note 419")[670](../../670/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy's [team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team) is one of the most successful, with four [World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) victories ([1934](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup), [1938](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup), [1982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup), and [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup)) and two [UEFA Euro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro) victories ([1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1968) and [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020)).[\[420\]](../../page/7/#ref-420 "note 420")[671](../../671/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian clubs have won 48 major European trophies, making Italy the second most successful country in Europe, after Spain.[672](../../672/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy's top league is [Serie A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A) and is followed by millions of fans around the world.[\[421\]](../../page/7/#ref-421 "note 421")[673](../../673/ "tree and pragmatics") Other popular team sports include basketball, volleyball, and rugby.[\[422\]](../../page/7/#ref-422 "note 422")[674](../../674/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy's male and female national volleyball teams are often featured among the world's best.[675](../../675/ "tree and pragmatics") The [men's team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_volleyball_team) won three consecutive [World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship) (in 1990, 1994, and 1998).[676](../../676/ "tree and pragmatics") [Italy men's basketball team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_basketball_team)'s best results were gold at [EuroBasket 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_1983) and [1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_1999), and silver at the [2004 Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics).[677](../../677/ "tree and pragmatics") [Lega Basket Serie A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A) is one of the most competitive in Europe.[\[423\]](../../page/7/#ref-423 "note 423")[678](../../678/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Italy national rugby union team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team) competes in the [Six Nations Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship), and at the [Rugby World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup).[679](../../679/ "tree and pragmatics") Among individual sports, bicycle racing is popular;[\[424\]](../../page/7/#ref-424 "note 424") Italians have won the [UCI World Championships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships_–_Men%27s_road_race) [more than any other country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships_–_Men%27s_road_race#Medalists_by_nation), except [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) [corpus](../../../Belgium/ "in our corpus").[680](../../680/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Giro d'Italia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia) is a cycling race held every May and one of the three [Grand Tours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tours).[681](../../681/ "tree and pragmatics") Alpine skiing is a widespread sport, and the country is a popular skiing destination.[\[425\]](../../page/7/#ref-425 "note 425")[682](../../682/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian skiers achieve good results in [Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games) and the [Alpine Ski World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Ski_World_Cup).[683](../../683/ "tree and pragmatics") Tennis has a significant following: it is the fourth most practised sport.[\[426\]](../../page/7/#ref-426 "note 426")[684](../../684/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Rome Masters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Masters), founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments.[\[427\]](../../page/7/#ref-427 "note 427")[685](../../685/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian players won the [Davis Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup) 4 times (1976, 2023, 2024 and 2025) and the [Billie Jean King Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup) 6 times (2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2024 and 2025).[686](../../686/ "tree and pragmatics") Motorsports are popular.[\[422\]](../../page/7/#ref-422 "note 422")[687](../../687/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy has won, by far, the most MotoGP World Championships.[688](../../688/ "tree and pragmatics") Italian [Scuderia Ferrari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari) is the oldest surviving team in [Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing) racing,[\[428\]](../../page/7/#ref-428 "note 428") competing since 1948, and the most successful [Formula One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One) team with 232 wins.[689](../../689/ "tree and pragmatics") The Italian Grand Prix of Formula One has been held since 1921[\[429\]](../../page/7/#ref-429 "note 429") always at [Autodromo Nazionale Monza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza) (except [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Italian_Grand_Prix)).[\[430\]](../../page/7/#ref-430 "note 430")[690](../../690/ "tree and pragmatics") Other successful Italian car manufacturers in motorsports are [Alfa Romeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo), [Lancia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia), [Maserati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati), and [Fiat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat).[\[431\]](../../page/7/#ref-431 "note 431")[691](../../691/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy has been successful in the Olympics, taking part from the [first Olympiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics) and in 47 Games out of 48 (not [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics)).[\[432\]](../../page/7/#ref-432 "note 432")[692](../../692/ "tree and pragmatics") [Italians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_Olympics) have won 618 medals at the [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games), and 141 at the [Winter Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games), with 259 golds, the sixth most successful for total medals.[693](../../693/ "tree and pragmatics") The country hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960; and the Winter Olympics in [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics), [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics), and is currently hosting the [2026 edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics) in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan) and [Cortina d'Ampezzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo).[694](../../694/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Public holidays, festivals and folklore Main article: [Public holidays in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy), [Traditions of Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy), [Folklore of Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy) Public holidays include religious, national, and regional observances.[695](../../695/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy's National Day, the [Festa della Repubblica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica) ('Republic Day'),[\[433\]](../../page/7/#ref-433 "note 433") is celebrated on 2 June, with the main celebration taking place in Rome, and commemorates the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946.[\[434\]](../../page/7/#ref-434 "note 434")[696](../../696/ "tree and pragmatics") The ceremony includes deposition of a wreath as a tribute to the [Italian Unknown Soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_%28Italy%29) and a military parade along [Via dei Fori Imperiali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali) in Rome.[697](../../697/ "tree and pragmatics") [Saint Lucy's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day#Italy), on 13 December, is popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus.[\[435\]](../../page/7/#ref-435 "note 435")[698](../../698/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Epiphany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_%28holiday%29) is associated with the [folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_folklore) figure of [Befana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befana), a broomstick-riding old woman who, on the night of 5 January, brings good children gifts, and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes.[\[436\]](../../page/7/#ref-436 "note 436")[699](../../699/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Assumption of Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary) coincides with [Ferragosto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferragosto) on 15 August, the summer vacation period.[\[437\]](../../page/7/#ref-437 "note 437")[700](../../700/ "tree and pragmatics") The Italian national [patronal day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronal_day), on 4 October, celebrates [Saints Francis and Catherine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Francis_and_Catherine).[701](../../701/ "tree and pragmatics") Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the festival of the local patron saint.[\[434\]](../../page/7/#ref-434 "note 434")[702](../../702/ "tree and pragmatics") [Natale di Roma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natale_di_Roma) (lit.[703](../../703/ "tree and pragmatics") ‘Birthday of [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome) [corpus](../../../Rome/ "in our corpus")’) is an annual festival held in Rome on 21 April to celebrate the legendary [founding of the city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Rome).[\[438\]](../../page/7/#ref-438 "note 438")[704](../../704/ "tree and pragmatics") According to [legend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend), [Romulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus) is said to have founded the city of Rome on 21 April 753 BC.[\[439\]](../../page/7/#ref-439 "note 439")[705](../../705/ "tree and pragmatics") Festivals and festivities include the [Palio di Siena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Siena) horse race, [Holy Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week#Italy) rites, [Saracen Joust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen_Joust) of Arezzo, and the [calcio storico fiorentino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_storico_fiorentino).[706](../../706/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2013, [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) included among the [intangible cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) Italian festivals and [pasos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_%28float%29), such as the [Varia di Palmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varia_di_Palmi), the [Macchina di Santa Rosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchina_di_Santa_Rosa) in [Viterbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo), and faradda di li candareri in [Sassari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari).[\[440\]](../../page/7/#ref-440 "note 440")[707](../../707/ "tree and pragmatics") Other festivals include [carnivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_in_Italy) in [Venice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice), [Viareggio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Viareggio), [Ivrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Ivrea), [Foiano della Chiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Foiano_della_Chiana), and [Satriano di Lucania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Satriano_di_Lucania).[708](../../708/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Venice Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival), awarding the [Golden Lion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion) and held since 1932, is the oldest in the world and one of the "Big Three" European film festivals, alongside [Cannes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) and [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival).[\[441\]](../../page/7/#ref-441 "note 441")[709](../../709/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Italy) ## Bibliography - Cushman-Roisin, Benoit; Gačić, Miroslav; Poulain, Pierre-Marie (2001). "[710](../../710/ "tree and pragmatics") [Physical oceanography of the Adriatic Sea](https://books.google.com/books?id=OFwkVgQNHlsC)".[711](../../711/ "tree and pragmatics") Springer.[712](../../712/ "tree and pragmatics") - "[FastiOnline: A database of archaeological excavations since the year 2000](https://www.fastionline.org)".[713](../../713/ "tree and pragmatics") International Association of Classical Archaeology (AIAC).[714](../../714/ "tree and pragmatics") 2004–2007.[715](../../715/ "tree and pragmatics") - Hibberd, Matthew.[716](../../716/ "tree and pragmatics") The media in Italy (McGraw-Hill International, 2007).[717](../../717/ "tree and pragmatics") - Sarti, Roland, ed.[718](../../718/ "tree and pragmatics") Italy: A reference guide from the Renaissance to the present (2004).[719](../../719/ "tree and pragmatics") - Sassoon, Donald.[720](../../720/ "tree and pragmatics") Contemporary Italy: politics, economy and society since 1945 (Routledge, 2014).[721](../../721/ "tree and pragmatics") - "[Italy History – Italian History Index](http://vlib.iue.it/hist-italy/Index.html)".[722](../../722/ "tree and pragmatics") European University Institute, The World Wide Web Virtual Library.[723](../../723/ "tree and pragmatics") 1995–2010.[724](../../724/ "tree and pragmatics") ## External links [Italy](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17433142) from [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) "[Italy](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/)". *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). "[Italy](http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm)". *UCB Libraries GovPubs*. [Italy](https://www.oecd.org/italy/) from the [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) [Italy country profile](https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/italy_en) at the European Union website [Key Development Forecasts for Italy](https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/IT) from [International Futures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) [Government website](https://www.governo.it/) [Italian tourism official website](https://www.italia.it/en/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Italy/page/6/) **7** ## References {#references} 1\. "[Indicatori demografici, anno 2020](https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf)". 2\. "[Italy](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy)". Central Intelligence Agency. 23 August 2023. 3\. "[Italy country profile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17433142)". BBC News. 12 November 2023. 4\. "[Surface water and surface water change](https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER)". [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development) (OECD). 5\. "[Monthly Demographic Balance](https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B)". [ISTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics). 6\. "[World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)](https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO%289.0.0%29)". *www.imf.org*. [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund). 14 April 2026. 7\. "[Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en)". European Commission. 8\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". [United Nations Development Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme). 6 May 2025. 9\. "[Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26](http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026)". Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna.; "[Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia – Comunità linguistiche regionali](https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche)". *regione.fvg.it*. 10\. "[Comune di Campione d'Italia](http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/)". Comune.campione-d-italia.co.it. 14 July 2010. 11\. *Italia*, iˈtaːlja 12\. *Repubblica Italiana*, reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna 13\. Academic works describing Italy as a Western European country:; Hancock, M. Donald; Conradt, David P.; Peters, B. Guy; Safran, William; Zariski, Raphael (11 November 1998). "[Politics in Western Europe: an introduction to the politics of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the European Union](https://archive.org/details/politicsinwester00hanc_0)". Chatham House Publishers.; Ugo, Ascoli; Emmanuele, Pavolini (2016). "[The Italian welfare state in a European perspective: A comparative analysis](https://books.google.com/books?id=BEzRDAAAQBAJ&q=list+of+Western+European+countries+Italy)". Policy Press.; Zloch-Christy, Iliana (1991). "[East-West Financial Relations: Current Problems and Future Prospects](https://archive.org/details/eastwestfinancia00zloc)". Cambridge University Press.; Clout, Hugh D. (1989). "[Western Europe: Geographical Perspectives](https://books.google.com/books?id=WGbIT90ppZsC)". Longman Scientific & Technical.; Furlong, Paul (2003). "[Modern Italy: Representation and Reform](https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNsOl65D0AC&q=italy+western+European+country)". Routledge.; Hanf, Kenneth; Jansen, Alf-Inge (2014). "[Governance and Environment in Western Europe: Politics, Policy and Administration](https://books.google.com/books?id=31wSBAAAQBAJ&q=West+Europe+Italy)". Routledge. 14\. Italy is often grouped in Western Europe.\[13\] 15\. Alberto Manco, *Italia. Disegno storico-linguistico*. 2009, Naples: L'Orientale. ISBN 978-8-8950-4462-0. 16\. J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, *Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture* (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997), 24. 17\. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, *Roman Antiquities*, [1.35](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B*.html) , on LacusCurtius; Aristotle, *Politics*, [7.1329b](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1329b#note-link2) , on Perseus; Thucydides, *The Peloponnesian War*, [6.2.4](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.+6.2.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200) , on Perseus 18\. Pallottino, M., *History of Earliest Italy*, trans. Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Seventeenth Series, p. 50 19\. Giovanni Brizzi, Roma. Potere e identità: dalle origini alla nascita dell'impero cristiano, Bologna, Patron, 2012 p. 94 20\. Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (25 September 2017). "[The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd–1st Century BCE](https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=cato+italy+south+of+the+Alps&pg=PT49)". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.; Levene, D. S. (17 June 2010). "[Livy on the Hannibalic War](https://books.google.com/books?id=aLsRDAAAQBAJ&q=cato+walls+of+Italy&pg=PA108)". Oxford University Press. 21\. Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (25 September 2017). "[The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd–1st Century BCE](https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=Tota+Italia+essays&pg=PT454)". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 22\. Williams, J. H. C. (22 May 2020). "[Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy – J. H. C. Williams – Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&q=beyond+the+Rubicon)". Oxford University Press.; Long, George (1866). "Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2".; Aurigemma, Salvatore. "[Gallia Cisalpina](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29)". *treccani.it*. Enciclopedia Italiana. 23\. "[Italy (ancient Roman territory)](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 24\. "[La riorganizzazione amministrativa dell'Italia. Costantino, Roma, il Senato e gli equilibri dell'Italia romana](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-riorganizzazione-amministrativa-dell-italia-costantino-roma-il-senato-e-gli-equilibri-dell-italia-romana_%28Enciclopedia-Costantiniana%29)". 25\. *Letters* 9.23 26\. *ytaliiens* (1265) [TLFi](http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/italien) 27\. "[IL COMUNE MEDIEVALE](https://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/comune_medievale.htm)". *homolaicus.com*. 28\. Society, National Geographic. "[Erano padani i primi abitanti d'Italia](http://www.nationalgeographic.it/scienza/2012/01/20/news/erano_padani_iprimi_abitanti_ditalia-807204)". *National Geographic*. 29\. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2001, ch. 2. ISBN 0-3064-6463-2. 30\. 42.7–41.5 ka ([1σ CI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule)). Douka, Katerina (2012). "A new chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Palaeolithic of Riparo Mochi (Italy)". *Journal of Human Evolution*.; "[Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria](http://www.iipp.it/)". IIPP. 29 January 2010. 31\. "[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 32\. Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D. (1994). "[AMS Age Determination of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötzal Ice Man](http://digitalcommons.library.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=http%3A%2F%2Fradiocarbon.library.arizona.edu%2FVolume36%2FNumber2%2Fazu_radiocarbon_v36_n2_247_250_v.pdf)". *Radiocarbon*. 33\. Raclot, Thierry; Oudart, Hugues (January 2000). "CORPS GRAS ET OBESITE Acides gras alimentaires et obésité: aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs". *Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides*. 34\. Emilio Peruzzi, *Mycenaeans in early Latium*, (Incunabula Graeca 75), Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri, Roma, 1980 35\. "[II 1987: Uomini e vicende di Magna Grecia](https://www.bpp.it/Apulia/html/archivio/1987/II/art/R87II015.html)". *bpp.it*. 36\. Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). "[Encyclopedia of European Peoples](https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC)". Infobase Publishing.; Mommsen, Theodor (1855). "[History of Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rome_%28Mommsen%29), Book II: From the Abolition of the Monarchy in Rome to the Union of Italy". Reimer & Hirsel.; Lazenby, John Francis (4 February 1998). "[Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War](https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze)". University of Oklahoma Press. 37\. "[Rome founded \| 21 April, 753 B.C.](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/april-21/rome-founded)". *HISTORY*. 24 November 2009. 38\. Sanders, Henry A. (1908). "[The Chronology of Early Rome](https://www.jstor.org/stable/261793)". *Classical Philology*. 39\. Morcillo, Marta García. "[The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika, in: A. Fear – P. Liddel (eds), Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History. Duckworth: London 2010: 87–101.](https://www.academia.edu/362374)". *Historiae Mundi: Studies in Universal History*.; Keaveney, Arthur (January 1987). "[Arthur Keaveney: *Rome and the Unification of Italy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ)". Croom Helm.; Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). "[Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce: *Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum*, Feltrinelli, p.363](https://books.google.com/books?id=fVylk1KUS84C&dq=Italia+domina+provinciarum&pg=PR13)". Roberto Pesce. 40\. "[Five Good Emperors](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Five-Good-Emperors)". *www.britannica.com*. 10 June 2024. 41\. Gibbon, Edward (1776). "[The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire](https://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap4.htm)". 42\. "[The Roman Empire at its greatest expansion](https://trizioeditore.it/en/blogs/notizie/impero-romano-massima-espansione-mappa-storia)". *Trizio Editore*. 4 June 2024. 43\. Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". *Social Science History*.; Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (2006). "[East–West Orientation of Historical Empires](http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf)". *Journal of World-Systems Research*. 44\. Richard, Carl J. (2010). "Why we're all Romans: the Roman contribution to the western world". Rowman & Littlefield. 45\. Sarris, Peter (2011). "Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500–700". Oxford UP. 46\. "[History of Italy](https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Lombards-and-Byzantines)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 47\. "[Carolingian and post-Carolingian Italy, 774–962](https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Carolingian-and-post-Carolingian-Italy-774-962)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 48\. Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). "The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization". Greenwood Press. 49\. Jones, Philip (1997). "The Italian city-state: from Commune to Signoria". Clarendon Press. 50\. Niall, Ferguson (2008). "The Ascent of Money: The Financial History of the World". Penguin. 51\. Lane, Frederic C. (1991). "Venice, a maritime republic". Johns Hopkins University Press. 52\. G. Benvenuti – Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia – Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini, *Le repubbliche del mare*, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma. Peris, Persi (1982). "Conoscere l'Italia". Istituto Geografico De Agostini.; "[Repubbliche Marinare](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/repubbliche-marinare)". *Treccani.it*. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.; "[Repubbliche marinare](https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=29771)". *thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it*. [National Central Library (Florence)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_Library_%28Florence%29). 53\. Zorzi, Alvise (1983). "[Venice: The Golden Age, 697 – 1797](https://books.google.com/books?id=IP5OAAAAMAAJ&q=%22even+in+countries+where+aid+is+near+at+hand+%22+%22attack+from+the+sea%22)". Abbeville Press. 54\. Sée, Henri. "[Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution](http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf)". *University of Rennes*. Batoche Books. 55\. Ali, Ahmed Essa with Othman (2010). "Studies in Islamic civilization: the Muslim contribution to the Renaissance". International Institute of Islamic Thought. 56\. Kingdom of Naples is used by historians, but not by its rulers, who kept the original 'Kingdom of Sicily' (i.e., there existed two Kingdoms of Sicily). 57\. Eleni Sakellariou, *Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440–c.1530* (Brill, 2012), pp. 63–64. 58\. Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, "The Biggest Epidemics of History" (La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire), in *L'Histoire* n° 310, June 2006, pp. 45–46; "[Plague](https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/effects/death_toll.shtml)". Brown University. 59\. Strathern, Paul *The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance* (2003) 60\. [Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan, *Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel*, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006](http://www.florentine-society.ru/Medici_Chapel_Mysteries.htm). . ISBN 5-8505-0825-2. 61\. Encyclopædia Britannica, *Renaissance*, 2008, O.Ed.; Har, Michael H. *History of Libraries in the Western World*, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999. ISBN 0-8108-3724-2. Norwich, John Julius, *A Short History of Byzantium*, 1997, Knopf. ISBN 0-6794-5088-2. 62\. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, *Christopher Columbus*, 1955 ed., pp. 14ff 63\. "[*Catholic Encyclopedia* "John & Sebastian Cabot"](https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03126d.htm)". newadvent. 2007. 64\. Eric Martone (2016). "[Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People](https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109)". ABC-CLIO. 65\. Greene, George Washington (1837). "[The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano](https://books.google.com/books?id=1qsuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA13)". Folsom, Wells, and Thurston. 66\. MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2005). "The Reformation: A History". Penguin Books. 67\. Napoleon Bonaparte, "The Economy of the Empire in Italy: Instructions from Napoleon to Eugène, Viceroy of Italy", *Exploring the European Past: Texts & Images*, Second Edition, ed. Timothy E. Gregory (Mason: Thomson, 2007), 65–66. 68\. Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). "Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera". Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. [The tri-coloured standard](http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm). Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008). . 69\. Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag") 70\. "[Risorgimento in 'Dizionario di Storia'](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/risorgimento_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29)". *treccani.it*. 71\. Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). "Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera". Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.; "[Fratelli d'Italia](https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno)". 72\. Denis Mack Smith, *Modern Italy: A Political History*, (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p. 15. A literary echo may be found in the character of Giorgio Viola in Joseph Conrad's *[Nostromo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostromo)*. 73\. Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective". *The Journal of the Civil War Era* 3#1 (2013): 85–113.; William L. Langer, ed., *An Encyclopedia of World Cup History*. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7. 74\. "["Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi](https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html)". 28 August 2017. 75\. Mack Smith, Denis (1997). *Modern Italy; A Political History*. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-4721-0895-6. 76\. "[Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day](https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day)". 17 March 2017. 77\. (no text) 78\. "[The Italian Colonial Empire](http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=italian_colonial)". All Empires. 79\. (Bosworth (2005), p. 49.) 80\. Duggan, Christopher (2002). "The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796". Penguin Books. 81\. "[Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)](http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it%2F176%2Fil-1861-e-le-quattro-guerre-per-lindipendenza-1848-1918)". 6 March 2015. 82\. "[La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca](http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Eventi/visualizza_asset.html_1239896580.html)".; Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009). "[Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi](https://books.google.com/books?id=_LntMIUOXngC&q=%22quarta+guerra+d%27indipendenza%22&pg=PA41)". FrancoAngeli. 83\. Burgwyn, H. James: *Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940.* Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 4. ISBN 0-2759-4877-3. Schindler, John R.: *Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War.* Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 303. ISBN 0-2759-7204-6. Mack Smith, Denis: *Mussolini.* Knopf, 1982. p. 31. ISBN 0-3945-0694-4. 84\. Gooch, John (2014). "The Italian Army and the First World War". Cambridge University Press. 85\. Mortara, G (1925). "La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra". Yale University Press. 86\. G.Sabbatucci, *La vittoria mutilata*, in AA.VV., *Miti e storia dell'Italia unita*, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101–106 87\. Walters, F. P. (1952). "A History of the League of Nations". Oxford University Press. 88\. Lyttelton, Adrian (2008). "The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929". Routledge.; "[March on Rome \| Italian history](https://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Rome)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 89\. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). "A History of Fascism, 1914–1945". University of Wisconsin Press. 90\. Rodogno, Davide (2006). "Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War". Cambridge University Press.; Kallis, Aristotle A. (2000). "Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945". Routledge.; Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard. "The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought".; Stephen J. Lee (2008). "[European Dictatorships, 1918–1945](https://books.google.com/books?id=u-mm5UDlzBEC&pg=PA157)". Routledge. 91\. Bosworth, R. J. B. (2005). "Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945". Penguin Books. 92\. James H. Burgwyn (2004). [General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942](http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005) , Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16) 93\. G. Bianchi, *La Resistenza*, in: AA.VV., *Storia d'Italia*, vol. 8, pp. 368–369. 94\. "[Storia della guerra civile in Italia](https://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf)".; See the books from Italian historian [Giorgio Pisanò](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Pisanò) *Storia della guerra civile in Italia*, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book *L'Italia della guerra civile* ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist [Indro Montanelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indro_Montanelli) as the fifteen volume of the *Storia d'Italia* ("History of Italy") by the same author. 95\. Pavone, Claudio (1991). "Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza". Bollati Boringhieri. 96\. Viganò, Marino (2001). "Un'analisi accurata della presunta fuga in Svizzera". *Nuova Storia Contemporanea*. 97\. "[1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini](https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/newsid_3564000/3564529.stm)". BBC News. 28 April 1945. 98\. "[Italy – Britannica Online Encyclopedia](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 99\. "Liberal and fascist Italy, 1900–1945". Oxford University Press. 2002. 100\. "Italia". *Dizionario enciclopedico italiano*. [Treccani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani). 1970. 101\. "[Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946)](https://archive.org/details/1946-06-06_Damage_Foreshadows_A-Bomb_Test)". [Universal Newsreel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Newsreel). 1946. 102\. "[Italia 1946: le donne al voto, dossier a cura di Mariachiara Fugazza e Silvia Cassamagnaghi](http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne%20versione%20def.pdf)".; "[La prima volta in cui le donne votarono in Italia, 75 anni fa](https://www.ilpost.it/2021/03/10/primo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946)". *Il Post*. 10 March 2021. 103\. Tobagi, Benedetta. "[La Repubblica italiana \| Treccani, il portale del sapere](http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html)". Treccani.it. 104\. Lawrence S. Kaplan; Morris Honick (2007). "[NATO 1948: The Birth of the Transatlantic Alliance](https://books.google.com/books?id=UV-ti1sYcbcC)". Rowman & Littlefield.; Robert Ventresca (2004). "From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948". University of Toronto Press. 105\. "[Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi (Parliamentary investigative commission on terrorism in Italy and the failure to identify the perpetrators)](http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/report_ital_senate.pdf)". 1995.; "[Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies](http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/collections/coll_gladio.htm#Documents)". Swiss Federal Institute of Technology / International Relation and Security Network.; "[Clarion: Philip Willan, Guardian, 24 June 2000, p. 19](http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/us.terrorism_graun_24jun2000.html)". Cambridgeclarion.org. 24 June 2000. 106\. "[New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack](https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml)". *Corriere della Sera*. 8 March 2012. 107\. The so-called "Second Republic" was born by forceps: not with a revolt of Algiers, but formally under the same Constitution, with the mere replacement of one ruling class by another: Buonomo, Giampiero (2015). "Tovaglie pulite". *Mondoperaio Edizione Online*. 108\. Hooper, John (16 November 2011). "[Mario Monti appoints technocrats to steer Italy out of economic crisis](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/16/mario-monti-technocratic-cabinet-italy)". *The Guardian*. 109\. "[New Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni sworn in](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38295549)". BBC News. 12 December 2016. 110\. "[What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?](https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants)". *The Local Italy*. 21 May 2018. 111\. "[African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD)". *Reuters*. 18 July 2017. 112\. "[Italy starts to show the strains of migrant influx](https://www.thelocal.it/20150519/migrant-surge-tests-italys-humanitarian-instincts)". *[The Local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Local)*.; "[Italy's far right jolts back from dead](http://www.politico.eu/article/italys-other-matteo-salvini-northern-league-politicians-media-effettosalvini)". *Politico*. 3 February 2016. 113\. "[Opinion – The Populists Take Rome](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/opinion/populists-rome-five-star-movement.html)". *The New York Times*. 24 May 2018. 114\. Ellyatt, Holly (19 March 2020). "[Italy's lockdown will be extended, prime minister says as death toll spikes and hospitals struggle](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/italys-death-rate-reaches-record-high-hospitals-in-lombardy-struggle.html)". CNBC. 115\. [L'Italia pagherà il conto più salato della crisi post-epidemia](https://www.agi.it/economia/news/2020-04-14/coronavirus-fmi-crisi-economica-8331041/) , AGI 116\. "[Mario Draghi's new government to be sworn in on Saturday](http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/12/mario-draghis-new-italian-government-to-be-sworn-in-on-saturday)". *The Guardian*. 12 February 2021. 117\. "[Who is Giorgia Meloni? The rise to power of Italy's new far-right PM](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63351655)". BBC News. 21 October 2022. 118\. "Italia". *Dizionario enciclopedico italiano*. [Treccani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani). 1970. 119\. "[Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy)". *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency. 120\. "[Principali dimensioni geostatistiche e grado di urbanizzazione del Paese](https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/137001)". *istat.it*. 30 October 2014. 121\. "[Tyrrhenian Sea](https://www.britannica.com/place/Tyrrhenian-Sea)". *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica)*. Cambridge University Press. 122\. "[Limits of Oceans and Seas](https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf)". [Organisation hydrographique internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_hydrographique_internationale). 1953. 123\. Cushman-Roisin, Gačić, Poulain 2001, p. 1–2. 124\. "[San Marino](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521449/San-Marino)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 2012.; "[Vatican country profile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17994868)". BBC News. 2018. 125\. "[Democracy in Figures](http://demo.istat.it/index_e.php)". *[Italian National Institute of Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics)*. 126\. Riganti, dir. da Alberto (1991). "Enciclopedia universale Garzanti.". Garzanti. 127\. "[List of Italian rivers](http://www.comuni-italiani.it/fiumi)". comuni-italiani.it. 128\. Zwingle, Erla (May 2002). "[Italy's Po River Punished for centuries by destructive floods, northern Italians stubbornly embrace their nation's longest river, which nurtures rice fields, vineyards, fisheries – and legends](http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0205/feature6)". *National Geographic*. 129\. "[Morphometric and hydrological characteristics of some important Italian lakes](http://www.iii.to.cnr.it/limnol/cicloac/lagit.htm)". Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi. 130\. "[Che cosa significa clima temperato e cosa significa clima continentale](https://www.ideegreen.it/cosa-significa-clima-temperato-cosa-significa-clima-continentale-141457.html)". 131\. Adriana Rigutti, *Meteorologia*, Giunti, p. 95, 2009.; Thomas A. Blair, *Climatology: General and Regional*, Prentice Hall pp. 131–132 132\. "[Climate Atlas of Italy](http://clima.meteoam.it/atlanteClimatico.php?ling=eng)". Network of the Air Force Meteorological Service. 133\. "[Italy's Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity](http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/biodiversita/italian_fifth_report_cbd.pdf)". Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea. 134\. "[Italy – Main Details](https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=it)". Convention on Biological Diversity. 135\. "[Checklist E Distribuzione Della Fauna Italiana](https://faunaitalia.it/documents/CKmap_ITA.pdf)". 136\. "[Mammiferi d'Italia – Ministero della Transizione Ecologica](https://www.mite.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio/biblioteca/qcn_14.pdf)". 137\. "[Uccelli](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/uccelli)". 138\. Peter Uetz; Jakob Hallermann; Jiri Hosek. "[Distribution: italy](https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?location=italy&submit=Search)". *The Reptile Database*. 139\. "[Quali sono gli anfibi autoctoni?](http://www.legambienteanimalhelp.it/anfibi-autoctoni)". 140\. "[All fishes reported from Italy](http://www.fishbase.us/country/CountryChecklist.php?what=list&trpp=50&c_code=380&csub_code=&cpresence=present&sortby=alpha2&vhabitat=all2)". 141\. "[Dove operiamo](https://www.cittametropolitana.mi.it/gev/dove_operiamo/index.html)". 142\. Pignatti, S. (1982). *Flora d'Italia*. Edagricole, Bologna, vol. 1–3, 1982 143\. "[Riccardo Guarino, Sabina Addamiano, Marco La Rosa, Sandro Pignatti *Flora Italiana Digitale*:an interactive identification tool for the Flora of Italy](https://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/bitstream/10077/3767/1/Guarino%20et%20al,%20bioidentify.pdf)". 144\. "[An inventory of vascular plants endemic to Italy](https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.168.1.1)". 145\. "[I parchi fioriti e gli orti botanici più belli d'Italia](https://initalia.virgilio.it/i-parchi-fioriti-e-gli-orti-botanici-piu-belli-ditalia-3693)". July 2016.; "[Top10: i giardini più belli d'Italia](https://www.casevacanza.it/idee/i-giardini-piu-belli-d-italia)". 146\. "[Alla scoperta delle meraviglie del giardino all'italiana](https://www.tuttogreen.it/giardino-all-italiana)". 11 March 2022. 147\. Sheri Foster (January 2021). "[What is Italy national animal?](https://it.yourtripagent.com/4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal)". *Yourtrip.com*.; James Hansen (June 2018). "[Il lupo grigio degli appennini e l animale dell Italia](https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/il-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html)". 148\. "[Il corbezzolo simbolo dell'Unità d'Italia. Una specie che resiste agli incendi](http://www.altovastese.it/cultura/il-corbezzolo-simbolo-unita-italia-specie-che-resiste-agli-incendi)". 3 October 2011. 149\. Livy (1797). "The history of Rome". Printed for A. Strahan. 150\. "[Passero Italiano: L'uccello nazionale d'Italia](https://www.concaternanaoggi.it/passero-italiano-luccello-nazionale-ditalia/)". Conca Ternana Oggi. 18 December 2022. 151\. "[Il fiore nazionale dell'Italia (e quello degli altri Paesi del mondo)](https://www.msn.com/it-it/notizie/mondo/qual-%C3%A8-il-fiore-nazionale-dei-paesi-del-mondo/ss-AA1eWqXE#image=25)". *[MSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN)*. 152\. "[Mammals of Italy: an annotated checklist](http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it/pdf-111473-47324)". *www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it*. 153\. "[Italy – Environment](http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/environment.html)". Dev.prenhall.com. 154\. "[Regione e aree protette](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/regione-e-aree-protette_%28L%27Italia-e-le-sue-Regioni%29)". 155\. "[Le aree protette in Italia](http://www.uccellidaproteggere.it/La-conservazione/Cosa-fa-l-Italia-Le-azioni/Le-aree-protette-in-Italia)". 156\. "[Renewables 2010 Global Status Report](http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/REN21_GSR2011.pdf)". [REN21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REN21). 15 July 2010.; "[Photovoltaic energy barometer 2010 – EurObserv'ER](https://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro196.pdf)". 157\. "[World Wind Energy Report 2010](http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf)". [World Wind Energy Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wind_Energy_Association). February 2011. 158\. "[Renewables provided 37% of Italy's energy in 2020 – English](https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2021/05/25/renewables-provided-37-of-italys-energy-in-2020_1a075060-c823-4076-a338-79367427dfd2.html)". *ANSA.it*. 25 May 2021. 159\. Duncan Kennedy (14 June 2011). "[Italy nuclear: Berlusconi accepts referendum blow](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13741105)". BBC News. 160\. United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals indicators: [Carbon dioxide emissions (), thousand metric tons of](http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=749&crid=) (collected by CDIAC); Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; land-use, land-use-change and forestry (LULUCF); and natural background flows of (See also: [Carbon cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle)) 161\. 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But it's an idea that's doomed](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/03/italy-birthrate-far-right-population-immigration-giorgia-meloni)". *The Guardian*. 267\. "[Aging population of Italy](https://www.statista.com/topics/8379/aging-population-of-italy/)". *Statista*. 268\. Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Di Donato, Valentina; Mortensen, Antonia (17 May 2023). "['Low fertility trap': Why Italy's falling birth rate is causing alarm](https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/17/europe/italy-record-low-birth-rate-intl-cmd/index.html)". *CNN*. 269\. "[Causes of the Italian mass emigration](http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey=)". ThinkQuest Library. 15 August 1999. 270\. Favero, Luigi e Tassello, Graziano. *Cent'anni di emigrazione italiana (1861–1961)* Introduction 271\. Allen, Beverly (1997). "[Revisioning Italy national identity and global culture](https://archive.org/details/revisioningitaly00beve)". University of Minnesota Press. 272\. "[Milan police in Chinatown clash](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6550725.stm) ". BBC News. 13 April 2007. 273\. "[XXIX Rapporto Immigrazione 2020](https://www.migrantes.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2020/10/RICM_2020_DEF.pdf)". 274\. "[Population on 1 January by sex, country of birth and broad group of citizenship](https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do)". 275\. "[Immigrants.Stat](http://stra-dati.istat.it/Index.aspx)". [Istat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istat). 276\. "[National demographic balance 2016](https://www.istat.it/en/archive/201143)". [Istat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istat). 277\. Elisabeth Rosenthal, "[Italy cracks down on illegal immigration](https://archive.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/05/16/italy_cracks_down_on_illegal_immigration/) ". *[The Boston Globe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe)*. 16 May 2008. 278\. "[Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999](http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm)". [Italian Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament). 279\. Statuto Speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Art. 99 280\. [Italian language](https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ita) Ethnologue.com; "[Eurobarometer – Europeans and their languages](http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf)". February 2006.; [Nationalencyklopedin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin) "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007 281\. [Italian language](http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/modern-languages/lal/languages%20at%20lal/italian) University of Leicester 282\. "[UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger](http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php)". UNESCO.; "[Italian language](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297241/Italian-language)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 3 November 2008. 283\. L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta 284\. L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 5, Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige 285\. L. cost. 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1, Statuto speciale della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia 286\. "[Ready for Ratification](https://rm.coe.int/European-centre-for-minority-issues-vol-1-/1680737191)". [European Centre for Minority Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Minority_Issues). 287\. elen.ngo: [*ELEN calls on Italy to ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages at its meeting in Sardinia*](https://elen.ngo/2023/10/11/elen-calls-on-italy-to-ratify-the-european-charter-for-regional-or-minority-languages-at-its-meeting-in-sardinia/) (11 October 2023) 288\. "[Linguistic diversity among foreign citizens in Italy](http://www.istat.it/en/archive/129304)". Italian National Institute of Statistics. 24 July 2014. 289\. Text taken directly from "[Country Profile: Vatican City State](http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/holy-see)". (viewed on 14 December 2011), on the website of the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 290\. The Holy See's sovereignty has been recognised explicitly in many international agreements and is particularly emphasised in article 2 of the [Lateran Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Treaty) of 11 February 1929, in which "Italy recognises the sovereignty of the Holy See in international matters as an inherent attribute in conformity with its traditions and the requirements of its mission to the world" ([Lateran Treaty, English translation](http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm)). 291\. Dell'orto, Giovanna (5 October 2023). "[The Nones: Italy](https://projects.apnews.com/features/2023/the-nones/the-nones-italy.html)". *[Associated Press News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_News)*.; Dell'orto, Giovanna (5 October 2023). "[From cradle to casket, life for Italians changes as Catholic faith loses relevance](https://apnews.com/article/italy-nonreligious-catholic-life-changes-fb808ce37daba3ce222e57a51c7d9187)". *Associated Press News*. 292\. "[The Global Catholic Population](https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population)". *Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project*. 13 February 2013. 293\. The Holy See publishes a 'Statistical Yearbook of the Church' every year. 294\. "[Catholicism No Longer Italy's State Religion](http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-06-04/news/8501220260_1_italian-state-new-agreement-church)". *[Sun Sentinel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Sentinel)*. 4 June 1985. 295\. Leustean, Lucian N. (2014). "Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century". Routledge. 296\. Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1986). "The war against the Jews, 1933–1945". Bantam Books. p. 403. 297\. "[The Jewish Community of Italy (Unione delle Comunita Ebraiche Italiane)](http://www.eurojewcong.org/communities/italy.html)". The European Jewish Congress. 298\. "[Eurispes, risultati del primo Rapporto di ricerca su "L'Induismo in Italia"](https://eurispes.eu/news/eurispes-risultati-del-primo-rapporto-di-ricerca-su-linduismo-in-italia)". 4 November 2019. 299\. "[NRI Sikhs in Italy](https://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm)". Nriinternet.com. 15 November 2004. 300\. "[Italy: Islam denied income tax revenue – Adnkronos Religion](http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=3.1.880028077)". Adnkronos.com. 7 April 2003. 301\. [Camera dei deputati Dossier BI0350](https://documenti.camera.it/Leg16/dossier/Testi/BI0350.htm#_Toc278992388) . Documenti.camera.it (10 March 1998). Retrieved 12 July 2013. 302\. "[Law 27 December 2007, n.296](http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/06296l.htm)". Italian Parliament. 303\. "[Human Development Reports](http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf)". Hdr.undp.org. 304\. "[PISA 2018 results](https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-results.htm)". *oecd.org*. 305\. "[The literacy divide: territorial differences in the Italian education system](http://new.sis-statistica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/CO09-The-literacy-divide-territorial-differences-in-the-Italian.pdf)". Parthenope University of Naples. 306\. "[Number of top-ranked universities by country in Europe](https://jakubmarian.com/number-of-top-ranked-universities-by-country-in-europe)". jakubmarian.com. 2019. 307\. Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan: "The heritage of European universities", 2nd edition, Higher Education Series No. 7, Council of Europe, 2006. ISBN 978-92-871-6121-5. p. 136. 308\. "[Censis, la classifica delle università: Bologna ancora prima](http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/07/03/news/censis_la_classifica_delle_universita_bologna_ancora_prima-169846308)". *La Repubblica*. 3 July 2017. 309\. "[Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015](http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2015.html)". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2015. 310\. "[World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B: tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally](https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/Annex_B/en)". World Health Organization. 2016. 311\. "[Global Prevalence of Adult Obesity](http://www.iotf.org/database/documents/GlobalPrevalenceofAdultObesity16thDecember08.pdf)". [International Obesity Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Obesity_Taskforce). 312\. Dinu, M; Pagliai, G; Casini, A; Sofi, F (10 May 2017). "Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials.". *European Journal of Clinical Nutrition*. 313\. "[UNESCO Culture Sector, Eighth Session of the Intergovernmental Committee (8.COM) – from 2 to 7 December 2013](http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00473)".; "[UNESCO – Culture – Intangible Heritage – Lists & Register – Inscribed Elements – Mediterranean Diet](http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00884)". 314\. "[OECD Health Statistics 2014 How Does Italy Compare?](http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Briefing-Note-ITALY-2014.pdf)". OECD. 2014. 315\. "[Smoking Ban Begins in Italy \| Europe \| DW.COM \| 10 January 2005](http://www.dw.com/en/smoking-ban-begins-in-italy/a-1453590)". [Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle). 316\. "[Italy – Health](http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/health.html)". Dev.prenhall.com. 317\. "[The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems](http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html)". Photius.com.; "[Italy's Struggling Economy Has World's Healthiest People](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-20/italy-s-struggling-economy-has-world-s-healthiest-people)". Bloomberg News. 20 March 2017. 318\. Maio, Vittorio; Manzoli, L (2002). "[The Italian health care system: W.H.O. Ranking versus public perception.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285698246)". *P and T*. 319\. Among others, Italy has been described as a "cultural superpower" by [*The Washington Post*](https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/coming-to-the-us-the-year-of-italian-culture-2013/2012/10/15/29f404a8-1703-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html), the U.S. president [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama), and the former Foreign Affairs Minister [Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Terzi_di_Sant%27Agata). "[Italy, a cultural superpower](http://www.arabnews.com/italy-cultural-superpower)". 2 June 2012.. 320\. Killinger, Charles (2005). "[Culture and customs of Italy](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00char/page/3)". Greenwood Press. 321\. Cole, Alison (1995). "Virtue and magnificence: art of the Italian Renaissance courts". H.N. Abrams. 322\. [Architecture in Italy](http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp) , ItalyTravel.com 323\. Sear, Frank. [*Roman architecture.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Rkdt_p6uvw0C&pg=PA10) Cornell University Press, 1983. p. 10. Web. 23 September 2011. 324\. [Italy Architecture: Early Christian and Byzanthine](http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/christian-byzanthine.asp) , ItalyTravel.com 325\. [Italy Architecture: Romanesque](http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/romanesque.asp) , ItalyTravel.com 326\. Campbell, Stephen J; Cole, Michael Wayne (2012). "Italian Renaissance Art". Thames & Hudson Inc. 327\. "[City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712)". *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. 328\. R. De Fusco, *A thousand years of architecture in Europe*, pg. 443. 329\. Hersey, George (2001). "Architecture and Geometry in the Age of the Baroque". University of Chicago Press. 330\. [Italy Architecture: Neoclassicism](http://www.justitaly.org/italy/architecture/neoclassicism.asp) , ItalyTravel.com 331\. "[Renzo Piano](https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/renzo-piano)". *The New York Times*. 332\. "[Roman Painting](http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html)". art-and-archaeology.com. 333\. "[Roman Wall Painting](http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm)". accd.edu. 334\. Gale, Matthew. "Pittura Metafisica". *Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online*. Oxford University Press. Web. 335\. [Duckworth, George Eckel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eckel_Duckworth). [*The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3) University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011. 336\. "Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts.". The Rosen Publishing Group. 2011. 337\. "The Cambridge History of Italian Literature". Cambridge University Press. 1999. 338\. Ernest Hatch Wilkins, *The invention of the sonnet, and other studies in Italian literature* (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1959), 11–39 339\. Bloom, Harold (1994). "[The Western Canon](https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich)". Harcourt Brace. See also [Western canon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon) for other "canons" that include the *Divine Comedy*. 340\. "[Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron.](https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron)". *[Encyclopædia Britannica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica)*. 341\. Steven Swann Jones, *The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination*, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-8057-0950-9, p. 38; Bottigheimer 2012a, 7; Waters 1894, xii; Zipes 2015, 599.; Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1974). "[The Classic Fairy Tales](https://archive.org/details/classicfairytale00opie_0)". Oxford University Press. See p. 20. The claim for earliest fairy-tale is still debated, see for example Jan M. Ziolkowski, *Fairy tales from before fairy tales: the medieval Latin past of wonderful lies*, University of Michigan Press, 2007. Ziolkowski examines [Egbert of Liège](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbert_of_Liège)'s Latin beast poem *Fecunda natis* (*The Richly Laden Ship*, c. 1022/24), the earliest known version of "[Little Red Riding Hood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood)". Further info: [Little Red Pentecostal](https://web.archive.org/web/20071023044216/http://www.leithart.com/archives/003139.php), Peter J. Leithart, 9 July 2007. 342\. "[Academy of Arcadia \| Neapolitan Poets, Arcadian Shepherds & Arcadian Landscape \| Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Academy-of-Arcadia)". *www.britannica.com*. 343\. "[Alessandro Manzoni \| Italian author](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Manzoni)". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 18 May 2023. 344\. Gaetana Marrone; Paolo Puppa (2006). "Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies". Routledge. 345\. Giovanni Gasparini. *La corsa di Pinocchio*. Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 1997. p. 117. ISBN 8-8343-4889-3 346\. "The 20th-Century art book.". Phaidon Press. 2001. 347\. "[All Nobel Prizes in Literature](http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates)". Nobel Foundation. 348\. Garin, Eugenio (2008). "[History of Italian Philosophy](https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC)". VIBS. 349\. Herodotus. "The Histories". Penguin Classics. 350\. Blair, Peter. "[Reason and Faith: The Thought of Thomas Aquinas](http://www.dartmouthapologia.org/articles/show/125)". *The Dartmouth Apologia*. 351\. Moschovitis Group Inc, Christian D. Von Dehsen and Scott L. Harris, *Philosophers and religious leaders*, (The Oryx Press, 1999), 117. 352\. "[The Enlightenment throughout Europe](http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm)". *International World History Project*. 353\. "[History of Philosophy 70](http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm)". *maritain.nd.edu*. 354\. (no text) 355\. Scarangello, Anthony (1964). "Major Catholic-Liberal Educational Philosophers of the Italian Risorgimento". *History of Education Quarterly*. 356\. Pernicone, Nunzio (2009). "Italian Anarchism 1864–1892". AK Press. 357\. Balestrini, Nanni; Moroni, Primo (1997). "L'orda d'oro 1968–1977. La grande ondata rivoluzionaria e creativa, politica ed esistenziale". SugarCo. 358\. (no text) 359\. "[Storia del Teatro nelle città d'Italia](https://www.melogranoarte.it/storia-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia)". 360\. "[Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana](https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itinerari/itinerario/storiateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html)". 361\. Of this second line, Dario Fo speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as [Giovanni Antonucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonucci) do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). "Storia del teatro italiano". Newton Compton Editori. 362\. Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). "Storia del teatro italiano". Newton Compton Editori. 363\. Chaffee, Judith; Crick, Olly (2015). "The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte". Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group. 364\. Katritzky, M. A. (2006). "[The Art of Commedia: A Study in the Commedia dell'arte 1560–1620 with Special Reference to the Visual Records](https://books.google.com/books?id=9fV4gz5FmiAC&q=the+art+of+commedia)". Editions Rodopi. 365\. Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront. ISBN 9-1732-4602-6. 366\. "[The Ballet](http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/balt/hd_balt.htm)". *metmuseum.org*. October 2004. 367\. "[Andros on Ballet – Catherine Medici De](http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine)". *michaelminn.net*. 368\. Erlich, Cyril (1990). "The Piano: A History". Oxford University Press, US; Revised edition.; Allen, Edward Heron (1914). "Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical Instrument". E. Howe. Accessed 5 September 2015. 369\. Kimbell, David R.B. (1994). "Italian Opera". Cambridge University Press. 370\. Keller, Catalano and Colicci (25 September 2017). "[Garland Encyclopedia of World Music](https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&q=keller%20catalano%20and%20colicci&pg=PT1022)". Routledge. 371\. Sisario, Ben (3 October 2012). "[A Roman Rapper Comes to New York, Where He Can Get Real](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html)". *The New York Times*. 372\. Sharpe-Young, Garry (2003). "A–Z of Power Metal". Cherry Red Books. 373\. McDonnell, John (1 September 2008). "[Scene and heard: Italo-disco](https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/01/sceneandhearditalodisco)". *The Guardian*. 374\. "This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." Evan Cater. "Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview". [AllMusic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic). 375\. Yiorgos Kasapoglou (27 February 2007). "[Sanremo Music Festival kicks off tonight](http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7817)". esctoday.com. 376\. Cirone, Federica (29 August 2023). "[Cantanti italiani, quali sono quelli che hanno avuto più successo all'estero](https://www.socialboost.it/cantanti-italiani-quali-sono-quelli-che-hanno-avuto-piu-successo-allestero/)". socialboost.it. 377\. "[New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris](http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey)". Languagemonitor.com. 378\. Press, Debbie (2000). "Your Modeling Career: You Don't Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed". Allworth Press.; Cardini, Tiziana (28 October 2020). "[Get to Know the Young Winners of the 2020 International Talent Support Awards](https://www.vogue.com/article/internationa-talent-support-award-2020-winners)". *Vogue*. 379\. Miller (2005) p. 486 380\. Insight Guides (2004) p. 220 381\. "[Design City Milan](http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html)". Wiley. 382\. "[Frieze Magazine – Archive – Milan and Turin](http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin)". *Frieze*. 383\. "[L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière – Pays: Italie](https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie)".; "[Il Cinema Ritrovato – Italia 1896 – Grand Tour Italiano](https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini)". 384\. "[26 febbraio 1896 – Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière](https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere)". 385\. "Cinematografia". *Dizionario enciclopedico italiano*. [Treccani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani). 1970. 386\. Andrea Fioravanti (2006). "La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione". Morlacchi Editore. 387\. "[Il cinema delle avanguardie](https://www.brevestoriadelcinema.org/04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie)". 30 September 2017. 388\. Katz, Ephraim (2001). "Italy". *The Film Encyclopedia*. HarperResource.. 389\. Brunetta, Gian Piero (2002). "Storia del cinema mondiale". Einaudi. 390\. "[The Cinema Under Mussolini](http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html)". Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 391\. "[STORIA 'POCONORMALE' DEL CINEMA: ITALIA ANNI '80, IL DECLINO](https://www.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/16629)". 392\. Ebert, Roger. "[The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949)](http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990319/REVIEWS08/903190306/1023)". *Chicago Sun-Times*.; "[The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time](http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358)". *MovieMaker Magazine*. 7 July 2002. 393\. "[Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection](https://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism)". Criterion.com. 394\. "[Western all'italiana](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/western-all-italiana_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29)". 395\. "[Tarantino e i film italiani degli anni settanta](https://www.corriere.it/solferino/severgnini/09-10-30/09.spm)". 396\. "[Cannes 2013. La grande bellezza](https://stanzedicinema.com/2013/05/21/cannes-2013-la-grande-bellezza)". *Stanze di Cinema*. 21 May 2013. 397\. 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