--- title: Juba — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 2 description: Wikipedia's «Juba», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Juba is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Juba/page/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Juba # Juba · page 2 From Wikipedia, [«Juba»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Juba/) **2** Between 2008 and 2011, the [Ugandan government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Uganda) and the [Southern Sudanese government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sudan_autonomous_region_%282005–2011%29) undertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between the [Northern Ugandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Uganda) city of [Gulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulu) and Juba, with an extension to [Wau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau,_Sudan).[69](../../69/ "tree and pragmatics") A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008.[\[30\]](../../page/2/#ref-30 "note 30")[70](../../70/ "tree and pragmatics") The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries.[71](../../71/ "tree and pragmatics") Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda.[\[31\]](../../page/2/#ref-31 "note 31")[72](../../72/ "tree and pragmatics") [Juba International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_International_Airport) is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN and non-governmental organization (NGO) aid into South Sudan, as well as passengers and general air freight.[73](../../73/ "tree and pragmatics") The construction of a new terminal began in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+).[74](../../74/ "tree and pragmatics") Since then, with the oil prices going back down, the fate of the new terminal is uncertain.[75](../../75/ "tree and pragmatics") Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014.[76](../../76/ "tree and pragmatics") As of November 2025, there are daily flights to [Addis Ababa Bole International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Bole_International_Airport) in [Addis Ababa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) [corpus](../../../Addis_Ababa/ "in our corpus"), Ethiopia, [Jomo Kenyatta International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta_International_Airport) in [Nairobi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi) [corpus](../../../Nairobi/ "in our corpus"), Kenya, [Entebbe International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe_International_Airport) in [Entebbe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe), Uganda, and [Wau Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau_Airport) in [Wau, South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan).[\[32\]](../../page/2/#ref-32 "note 32")[77](../../77/ "tree and pragmatics") The [United Nations Mission in South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan) has a large compound near the Juba Airport.[78](../../78/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442.[79](../../79/ "tree and pragmatics") Based on an analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000.[80](../../80/ "tree and pragmatics") The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of [Juba County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_County) to be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates the [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_South_Sudan)), but the results were rejected by the [Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Government_of_Southern_Sudan).[\[33\]](../../page/2/#ref-33 "note 33")[81](../../81/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2011, the population of the city of Juba was estimated at 372,410, but may potentially be higher.[\[34\]](../../page/2/#ref-34 "note 34") as of 2013, the city's population was growing at a rate of 4.23%.[\[35\]](../../page/2/#ref-35 "note 35")[82](../../82/ "tree and pragmatics") The Juba City Council's CEO, Martin Simon Wani, has claimed the population exceeds one million with up to a million more living in surrounding suburbs.[\[36\]](../../page/2/#ref-36 "note 36")[83](../../83/ "tree and pragmatics") Suburbs adjacent to Juba have become increasingly dense as people from the countryside move into the city for economic opportunities.[\[24\]](../../page/2/#ref-24 "note 24")[\[37\]](../../page/2/#ref-37 "note 37")[84](../../84/ "tree and pragmatics") | Year | Population | | | --- | --- | --- | | 1973 (census) | 56,740 | | | 1983 (census) | 83,790 | | | 1993 (census) | 114,980 | | | 2005 (estimate) | 163,440 | | | 2006 (estimate) | 250,000 | [\[38\]](../../page/2/#ref-38 "note 38") | | 2008 (estimate) | 250,000 | [\[35\]](../../page/2/#ref-35 "note 35") | | 2011 (estimate) | 372,410 | | | 2014 (estimate) | 492,970 | | ## Economy Following South Sudan's independence in 2011, Juba experienced rapid economic growth and urban development.[85](../../85/ "tree and pragmatics") The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of merchants to Juba, from northern Sudan and East Africa. as of October 2010, several regional and international businesses have established a presence in Juba.[86](../../86/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Commercial Bank of Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Bank_of_Ethiopia) and the Kenyan banking conglomerate [Kenya Commercial Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCB_Group) has its South Sudanese headquarters in the city and a branch network of eleven branches throughout South Sudan.[\[39\]](../../page/2/#ref-39 "note 39")[87](../../87/ "tree and pragmatics") The three indigenous South Sudanese commercial banks namely; [Buffalo Commercial Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Commercial_Bank), [Ivory Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Bank) and [Nile Commercial Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Commercial_Bank), all maintain their headquarters in Juba.[88](../../88/ "tree and pragmatics") [Equity Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Bank_Group), another regional finance services provider also has a branch in Juba.[89](../../89/ "tree and pragmatics") [National Insurance Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Corporation) (NIC), the leading Ugandan insurance services provider, maintains an office in the city.[\[40\]](../../page/2/#ref-40 "note 40")[90](../../90/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite recent economic difficulties brought about by the [15 December 2013 civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War), Juba has continued to grow and construction is still booming.[91](../../91/ "tree and pragmatics") This is probably due to the high demand for affordable housing and hotel accommodations.[92](../../92/ "tree and pragmatics") Research from the Overseas Development Institute found that markets in Juba are transient, as many traders come only to make a quick profit and therefore do not invest in storage facilities or shops.[\[41\]](../../page/2/#ref-41 "note 41")[\[42\]](../../page/2/#ref-42 "note 42")[93](../../93/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 2005, Chinese involvement in Juba has expanded through healthcare assistance, including medical teams stationed at the [Juba Teaching Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Teaching_Hospital).[\[43\]](../../page/2/#ref-43 "note 43")[94](../../94/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Roads Juba has major roads that go to major towns in South Sudan, such roads include the Juba-Nimule road[\[44\]](../../page/2/#ref-44 "note 44") and the [Aggrey Jaden Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrey_Jaden_Road).[\[45\]](../../page/2/#ref-45 "note 45") as others are seen in the table below;[95](../../95/ "tree and pragmatics") | Number | Name of road | Distance | Designated | Completed | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | [Juba–Nimule Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba–Nimule_Road) | 192 km | 2007 | 2012 | | 2 | [Gulu–Nimule Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulu–Nimule_Road) | 105 km | 2012 | 2015 | | TBA | Kangi-Bar-Urud Road | 28 km | 2017? | 2017[\[46\]](../../page/2/#ref-46 "note 46") (Expected) | | TBA | [Aggrey Jaden Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrey_Jaden_Road) (Juba-Yei- Kaya Road) | 243 km | 2022 | 2025 (Expected) | | TBA | [Juba-Torit-Nadapal Highway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba-Torit-Nadapal_Highway) | 353 kilometers (219miles) | ? | ? | | TBA | Juba-Bor-Malakal Highway | 500 km | 2020 | 2025 (Expected) | | TBA | [Juba–Terekeka–Rumbek Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba–Terekeka–Rumbek_Road) | 392 km | 2019 | 2025 (Expected)[\[47\]](../../page/2/#ref-47 "note 47")[\[48\]](../../page/2/#ref-48 "note 48") | | TBA | Kajo- keji - Juba Road | 156 kilometers (97miles) | | | ## Food A variety of foods are eaten in Juba including:[96](../../96/ "tree and pragmatics") - Kisra: A staple food in [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) [corpus](../../../South_Sudan/ "in our corpus"), kisra is a type of flatbread made from sorghum flour or maize flour.[97](../../97/ "tree and pragmatics") It is typically served with soup or stew and is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with water to form a thick batter, which is then left to ferment for a few days before being cooked on a hot griddle.[\[49\]](../../page/2/#ref-49 "note 49")[98](../../98/ "tree and pragmatics") - Bamia: A popular dish in Juba, [bamia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamia) is a stew made with [okra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra), tomatoes, onions, and meat (usually beef or goat).[99](../../99/ "tree and pragmatics") The okra is sliced and cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a thick and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or kisra.[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[100](../../100/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ful Medames: A traditional breakfast dish in Juba, Ful medames is made from cooked fava beans that are smashed and [seasoned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasoning) with garlic, lemon juice, and [olive oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil).[101](../../101/ "tree and pragmatics") It is typically served with flatbread or [pita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita).[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[\[49\]](../../page/2/#ref-49 "note 49")[102](../../102/ "tree and pragmatics") - Asida: A type of porridge made from [sorghum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum) flour, Asida is a popular dish in Juba that is often served with meat or vegetable stew.[103](../../103/ "tree and pragmatics") The sorghum flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is then cooked until it reaches a smooth and [creamy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_soda) consistency.[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[\[49\]](../../page/2/#ref-49 "note 49")[104](../../104/ "tree and pragmatics") - Malakwang: A traditional dish in South Sudan, Malakwang is a stew made from leafy greens, peanuts, butter, and meat (usually goat or beef).[105](../../105/ "tree and pragmatics") The greens are cooked with the other [ingredients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingredient) until tender, resulting in a rich and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or Ugali.[106](../../106/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ugali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugali): A staple food in many African countries, Ugali is a type of maize porridge that is often served with stews or soups.[107](../../107/ "tree and pragmatics") The [maize flour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize_flour) is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is often cooked until it reaches a smooth and firm consistency.[108](../../108/ "tree and pragmatics") It is typically eaten by hand, using it to scoop up stew or soup.[\[50\]](../../page/2/#ref-50 "note 50")[109](../../109/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Education - The [University of Juba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Juba) was founded in 1975.[\[51\]](../../page/2/#ref-51 "note 51")[110](../../110/ "tree and pragmatics") - Upper Nile University in Juba[111](../../111/ "tree and pragmatics") - The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on 1 October 2019.[\[52\]](../../page/2/#ref-52 "note 52")[\[53\]](../../page/2/#ref-53 "note 53")[112](../../112/ "tree and pragmatics") The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books.[113](../../113/ "tree and pragmatics") It was the first public library of South Sudan.[114](../../114/ "tree and pragmatics") The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.[\[53\]](../../page/2/#ref-53 "note 53")[\[54\]](../../page/2/#ref-54 "note 54")[115](../../115/ "tree and pragmatics") - Kampala International University[\[55\]](../../page/2/#ref-55 "note 55")[116](../../116/ "tree and pragmatics") - Catholic University of South Sudan[117](../../117/ "tree and pragmatics") - Episcopal University of South Sudan[118](../../118/ "tree and pragmatics") - Starford International University[119](../../119/ "tree and pragmatics") - Ayii University[120](../../120/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Health services - [Juba Teaching Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Teaching_Hospital)[\[56\]](../../page/2/#ref-56 "note 56")[121](../../121/ "tree and pragmatics") - Juba Military Referral Hospital[122](../../122/ "tree and pragmatics") - Al Sabah Children's Hospital[123](../../123/ "tree and pragmatics") - Nyakurun PHCC[\[57\]](../../page/2/#ref-57 "note 57")[124](../../124/ "tree and pragmatics") - Munuki PHCC[125](../../125/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gurei PHCC[126](../../126/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Places of worship [Places of worship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_worship) in Juba primarily consists of Christian churches and temples: [Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Juba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Juba) ([Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church)), [Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_the_Episcopal_Church_of_South_Sudan) ([Anglican Communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion)), [Baptist Convention of South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_South_Sudan) ([Baptist World Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance)), [Presbyterian Church in Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Sudan) ([World Communion of Reformed Churches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches)).[\[58\]](../../page/2/#ref-58 "note 58")[127](../../127/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Climate Juba has a [tropical wet and dry climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate) ([Köppen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification): Aw),[\[59\]](../../page/2/#ref-59 "note 59") and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round.[128](../../128/ "tree and pragmatics") However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching 100 °F in February.[129](../../129/ "tree and pragmatics") From April to October, more than 100 mm of rain falls per month.[130](../../130/ "tree and pragmatics") The annual total precipitation is nearly 1000 mm.[131](../../131/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Notable people - [Aheu Deng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheu_Deng), beauty queen and fashion model[132](../../132/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Bangs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangs_%28hip_hop_artist%29), rapper and YouTube personality[133](../../133/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Mangok Mathiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangok_Mathiang) (born 1992), Australian-Sudanese basketball player for the [Beijing Ducks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Ducks) of the [Chinese Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_Association)[134](../../134/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Emmanuel Jambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Jambo), photographer[135](../../135/ "tree and pragmatics") - Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born in [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) [corpus](../../../South_Sudan/ "in our corpus") after its independence.[\[62\]](../../page/2/#ref-62 "note 62")[136](../../136/ "tree and pragmatics") Like many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday.[\[63\]](../../page/2/#ref-63 "note 63")[137](../../137/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Equatoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoria) [Eastern Equatoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Equatoria) [Central Equatoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Equatoria) [Western Equatoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Equatoria) [Gulu-Nimule Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulu-Nimule_Road) [Juba Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Stadium) [Lainya County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainya) [Railway stations in South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_South_Sudan) [Anataban Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anataban_Campaign) ### Sources - Richardson, J.N.[138](../../138/ "tree and pragmatics") (1933). "[139](../../139/ "tree and pragmatics") Bari Notes".[140](../../140/ "tree and pragmatics") Sudan Notes & Records.[141](../../141/ "tree and pragmatics") - Badiey, Naseem (2014). "[142](../../142/ "tree and pragmatics") The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan".[143](../../143/ "tree and pragmatics") Boydell & Brewer Ltd.[144](../../144/ "tree and pragmatics") - Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "[145](../../145/ "tree and pragmatics") A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954".[146](../../146/ "tree and pragmatics") The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies.[147](../../147/ "tree and pragmatics") - Okeny, Kenneth (1991). "[148](../../148/ "tree and pragmatics") [The 1947 Juba Conference](https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646)".[149](../../149/ "tree and pragmatics") Northeast African Studies.[150](../../150/ "tree and pragmatics") - Kindersley, Nicki (2019). "[151](../../151/ "tree and pragmatics") Rule of whose law?[152](../../152/ "tree and pragmatics") The geography of authority in Juba, South Sudan".[153](../../153/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Journal of Modern African Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies).[154](../../154/ "tree and pragmatics") [Cambridge University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press).[155](../../155/ "tree and pragmatics") - Rubin, Jonathan M. (2006). "[156](../../156/ "tree and pragmatics") [Disaster Medicine](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50160-6)".[157](../../157/ "tree and pragmatics") Elsevier.[158](../../158/ "tree and pragmatics") - Parsons, Ellen C. (1905). "[159](../../159/ "tree and pragmatics") [Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281)".[160](../../160/ "tree and pragmatics") Macmillan Company.[161](../../161/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gong, Yidong (5 July 2022). "[162](../../162/ "tree and pragmatics") [Non-suffering Work: China's Medical Interventions in South Sudan](https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D1122031C36780D6F18837A2C43C5AE4/S0305741022000534a.pdf/div-class-title-non-suffering-work-china-s-medical-interventions-in-south-sudan-div.pdf)".[163](../../163/ "tree and pragmatics") The China Quarterly.[164](../../164/ "tree and pragmatics") ## External links Fisher, J. 2005, ['Southern Sudan's Front-line Town'](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4461663.stm), BBC News, 20 April 2005. Holt, K. 2007, ['In pictures: Juba's Street Struggle'](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6228705.stm), BBC News, 4 January 2007. [Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop Infrastructure](http://www.friendsoftherail.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=2946) ['Gulu-Juba rail link underway'](https://web.archive.org/web/20101009035359/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/734095) [World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch](https://web.archive.org/web/20110921065020/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/11/16/103825/worlds-newest-nation-would-start.html) – article & video by *[McClatchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Juba/) **2** ## References {#references} 1\. Radio Tamazuj, Radio Tamazuj (6 October 2023). "[Juba city gets first female mayor](https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/juba-city-gets-the-first-female-mayor)". *radiotamazuj.org*. Radio Tamazuj. 2\. "[City Population: Check for Humans](https://www.citypopulation.de/checkhuman.html?url=%2Fen%2Fsouthsudan%2Fadmin%2Fcentral_equatoria%2F9202__juba%2F)". *City Population*. 3\. "[Juba Population 2026](https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/south-sudan/juba)". *World Population Review*. 2026-07-17. 4\. "[Juba, South Sudan Metro Area Population (1950-2026)](https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/22577/juba/population?utm_source)". *MacroTrends*. 5\. Löschner, Lukas; Gall, Tjark (2026-06-01). "[(PDF) South Sudan Urbanization Review. Cities as Anchors for Recovery and Resilience.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/407254960_South_Sudan_Urbanization_Review_Cities_as_Anchors_for_Recovery_and_Resilience)". *ResearchGate*. 6\. "[JUBA Definition & Meaning](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juba#geographicalDictionary)". [Merriam-Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster). 2019. 7\. /ˈdʒuːbə/\[6\] 8\. Martin, Ellen; Mosel, Irina (January 2011). "[City limits: urbanisation and vulnerability in Sudan](https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6511.pdf)". *Overseas Department Institute*. 9\. Shipman, Pat. *To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa* 10\. Richardson 1933, p. 181–6. 11\. Keen, Rosemary (n.d.). "[Church Missionary Society Archive, General Introduction and Guide to the Archive](http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx)". *ampltd.co.uk*. Adam Matthew Publications, Pelham House. 12\. Nalder, Leonard F. (1936). "Equatorial province handbook". Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government memoranda. 13\. Werner, Roland (2000). "Day of devastation, day of contentment: the history of the Sudanese church across 2000 years Volume 10 of Faith in Sudan". Paulines Publications Africa. 14\. Badiey 2014, p. 38. 15\. Shuichiro 2013, p. 139–60. 16\. Tuttle, Brendan (2021). "[To the Juba Wharf](https://jubainthemaking.com/to-the-juba-wharf/)". *Juba in the Making*. 17\. "[Juba in the Making](https://jubainthemaking.com/)". *jubainthemaking.com*. L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale. 18\. Greek Community of Juba Archives 19\. "[Juba conf](http://madingaweil.com/conference.htm)". *madingaweil.com*. 20\. Okeny 1991, p. 39–58. 21\. Kindersley 2019, p. 61–83. 22\. "[New capital city for South Sudan?](http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan)". Radio Netherlands. 6 February 2011. 23\. Rubin 2006, p. 784–5. 24\. Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023). "[From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/08/city-of-hope-and-fear-life-in-africas-youngest-capital)". *The Guardian*. 25\. Stephen, Juma John (3 April 2011). "[CES Governor Appoints Mayor For Juba City Council](http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5065/CES-Governor-Appoints-Juba-Town-Mayor.aspx)". Gurtong. 26\. "[Adil appoints new Juba mayor after Kalisto's dismissal](https://cityreviewss.com/adil-appoints-new-juba-mayor-after-kalistos-dismissal/)". *The City Review*. 20 November 2021. 27\. Ninrew, Chany (27 June 2023). "[Gov. Adil relieves Mayor Allah-Juba](https://www.eyeradio.org/gov-adil-relieves-mayor-allah-jabu/)". *Eye Radio*. 28\. "[Central Equatoria State](http://www.nilebuffalo.com/resource_detail.php?countryID=1)". *NileBuffalo Gazette*. 2008. 29\. Parsons 1905, p. 7. 30\. "[Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing](http://www.pachodo.org/20080908783/Pachodo.org-English-Articles/gulu-nimule-juba-wau-railway-line-in-offing.html)". Pachodo.org. 20 September 2010. 31\. Thome, Wolfgang H. (14 September 2010). "[Railway Link From Juba May Go Directly To Kenya](http://www.eturbonews.com/18517/railway-link-juba-may-go-directly-kenya)". Eturbonews.com. 32\. "[Direct (non-stop) flights from Juba (JUB) - FlightsFrom.com](https://www.flightsfrom.com/JUB)". *www.flightsfrom.com*. 33\. 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